Table 1.

Applications of TPs nanostrategies in functional ingredient delivery.

Nano-Carriers	Tea Polyphenols	Site of Action	Effect	Ref.
Chitosan/β-lactoglobulin nanoparticles	Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)	Simulated gastrointestinal conditions	The release rate and degradation of EGCG-loaded nanoparticles (20 and 60 min, respectively) in simulated stomach conditions were slower than those of the control particles (5 and 30 min, respectively)	[25]
β-lactoglobulin/gum arabic complex nanoparticles	Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)	Simulated gastric and intestinal fluids	The accumulative EGCG release of β-lactoglobulin/gum arabic–EGCG complex nanoparticles was only 21% after 60 min digestion in simulated gastric juice and 86% after 120 min digestion in simulated intestinal juice	[82]
Phytoferritin–chitosan–epigallocatechin nanoparticles	Epigallocatechin (EGC)	Simulated gastric/intestinal tract	The nanoparticles prepared by the heat treatment further improved the retention ratio of EGC to 38.25 ± 1.8%	[83]
Debranched starch nanoparticles	Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)	Simulated gastric and intestinal fluids	After 600 min, the cumulative release rate of EGCG loaded nanoparticles in simulated intestinal fluid was about 63%, and the EGCG release rate in simulated intestinal fluid was slightly higher than that in simulated gastric fluid	[62]
Nanoemulsion prepared with corn oil and polysorbate-80	Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)	Simulated saliva, gastric, and small intestinal fluid	The absorbed EGCG content of the nanoemulsion was significantly increased by 28.6% compared with that of TP solution	[51]
Nanoemulsion prepared with sunflower oil and Tween 80	Green tea catechins	Mimicked gastric condition	55.13 ± 1.26% of total polyphenol, 48.61 ± 0.78% of total catechins, and 46.94 ± 0.88% of EGCG were released from green tea emulsion during the first 20 h	[84]
Folic acid-functionalized nanolipid carriers	Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)	Simulated gastric and intestinal fluids	After 3 h, the release of EGCG in simulated gastric juice was very low, about 13% and 9% of the initial amount of functional and nonfunctional nanolipid carriers. After 21 h, EGCG was released steadily in simulated intestinal fluid, with maximum cumulative release of functional and nonfunctional nanolipid carriers of 48% and 34%, respectively	[78]
Solid lipid nanoparticles	Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)	Simulated gastric and intestinal fluids	Improved the stability of EGCG under intestinal conditions at pH 6.8	[85]