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. 2022 Jan 26;11(3):427. doi: 10.3390/cells11030427

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Fibroblast marker (NCAM and collagen crosslinking promoter (LOX). No significant difference was observed between various stages of AF and control SR group, in terms of NCAM (N = 76) (B) and LOX (N = 92) (D), respectively, p = 0.83 and p = 0.11. Representative blot images for NCAM and LOX expression are illustrated in (A,C), respectively. SR = control group, ParAF = paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, PerAF = persistent atrial fibrillation, LSPerAF = longstanding persistent atrial fibrillation. Statistical tests used: ANOVA.