Table 1.
Patients characteristics.
| Control | ParAF | PerAF | LSPerAF | AF Total | p * | p † | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 48 | 22 | 28 | 17 | 67 | ||
| Male | 34 (70.8) | 15 (68.2) | 19 (67.9) | 15 (88.2) | 49 (73.1) | ||
| Age (years) | 67.20 ± 12.12 | 68.28 ± 12.95 | 66.58 ± 8.54 | 71.80 ± 5.85 | 68.47 | ||
| BMI | 27.92 (20.42–38.2) | 25.23 (18.81–35.66) | 26.47 (19.25–37.56) | 28.37 (23.84–34.72) | 26.45 (18.81–37.56) | ||
| Hypertension | 31 (64.6) | 17 (77.3) | 16 (57.1) | 10 (58.8) | 43 (64.2) | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 19 (39.6) | 11 (50) | 6 (21.4) | 3 (17.6) | 20 (29.9) | ||
| DM | 15 (31.3) | 2 (9.1) | 4 (14.3) | 6 (35.3) | 12 (17.9) | ||
| Thyroid disease | 4 (8.3) | 3 (13.6) | 2 (7.1) | 1 (5.9) | 6 (9) | ||
| CHD | 2 (4.2) | 3 (13.6) | 5 (17.9) | 1 (5.9) | 9 (13.4) | ||
| AVD | 4 (8.3) | 4 (18.2) | 5 (17.9) | 3 (17.6) | 12 (17.9) | 0.0221 | |
| CABG | 29 (60.4) | 4 (18.2) | 2 (7.1) | 4 (23.5) | 10 (14.9) | ||
| MVD | 2 (4.2) | 3 (13.6) | 12 (42.9) | 5 (9.4) | 20 (29.9) | 0.0156 | |
| MAZE | 0 | 2 (9.1) | 0 | 0 | 2 (3) | ||
| AVD + CABG | 9 (18.8) | 4 (18.2) | 2 (7.1) | 2 (11.8) | 8 (11.9) | ||
| MVD + CABG-TVR | 2 (4.2) 0 | 2 (9.1) 0 | 2 (7.1) 0 | 1 (5.9) 1 (5.9) | 5 (7.5) 1 (1.5) | ||
| LV Function | |||||||
| -normal | 39 (81.3) | 19 (86.4) | 16 (57.1) | 10 (58.8) | 45 (67.2) | ||
| -mild imp. | 9 (18.8) | 2 (9.1) | 6 (21.4) | 5 (29.4) | 13 (19.4) | ||
| -moderate imp. | 0 | 1 (4.5) | 5 (17.9) | 2 (11.8) | 8 (11.9) | ||
| -severe imp. | 0 | 0 | 1 (3.6) | 0 | 1 (1.5) | ||
| Use of anti-arrhythmic drug | |||||||
| -Class I | 1 (2.1) | 2 (9.1) | 1 (3.6) | 0 | 3 (4.5) | ||
| -Class II | 33 (68.8) | 12 (54.5) | 20 (71.4) | 14 (82.4) | 46 (68.7) | ||
| -Class III | 0 | 7 (31.8) | 5 (17.9) | 1 (5.9) | 13 (19.4) | 7 × 10−4 | 3.3×10−3 |
| -Class IV | 3 (6.3) | 0 | 1 (3.6) | 2 (11.8) | 3 (4.5) | ||
| Digoxin | 0 | 1 (4.5) | 9 (32.1) | 5 (29.4) | 15 (22.4) | 7.8 × 10−5 | 1.2 × 10−3 |
| Use of statin | 35 (72.9) | 13 (59.1) | 9 (32.1) | 12 (70.6) | 34 (50.7) | ||
| Use ACE, ARB, AT2 antagonist | 30 (62.5) | 12 (54.5) | 18 (64.3) | 14 (82.4) | 44 (65.7) | 4.2 × 10−3 | 2.8 × 10−2 |
| -missing value | 1 |
Values are presented as N (%), mean ± SD or median (min-max). AF Total = any history of AF, ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme, ARB = angiotensin receptor blockers, AT2 = angiotensin II receptors, AVD = aortic valve disease, BMI = body mass index, CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting, CHD = congenital heart disease, DM = diabetes mellitus, imp. = impairment, MAZE = arrhythmia surgery, MVD = mitral valve disease, * = control/Type AF, † = control/Total AF. Statistical test: Pearson’s Chi-squared test and Yates’ continuity correction.