Figure 1.

A scheme of apoptotic signaling pathways. AIF, apoptosis-inducing factor; Apaf-1, apoptotic protease activating factor-1; ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein; ASK1, apoptosis-signal-regulating kinase 1; CHOP, C/EBP homologous protein; DD, death domain; DISC, death-inducing signal complex; ECM, extracellular matrix; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FADD, Fas-associated death domain; GSDMD, gasdermin-D; IRE1α, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α; JNK, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase; NLRP3, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors family pyrin domain containing 3; PARP, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase; PERK, pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase; TNFR, TNF receptor; TRADD, TNFR-associated death domain; TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; TRAILR, TRAIL receptor; TXNIP, thioredoxin-interacting protein; XIAP, X linked inhibitors of apoptosis protein.