Table 4.
Range (min–max concentrations) of biogenic amines in non-fermented beverages.
| Product | Biogenic Amines (mg/L) | Reference | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Met | Eth | Put | Cad | His | Spd | Spm | Tyr | Phe | Tryp | ||
| Rice wine | nd-58.9 | nd-29.9 | nd-24.9 | nd | nd | 1.2–37.6 | nd | nd | Zhong et al., 2012 [62] | ||
| Brewed coffee | 0.5–1.6 | 1.5–9.1 | nd | nd | nd | nd-19.7 | nd-5.0 | nd-20.2 | Özdestan, 2014 [63] | ||
| Ground coffee | 3.9–15.2 | 13.6–75.1 | nd | nd | nd | 22.5–99.6 | nd-22.8 | 3.0–37.9 | |||
| Espresso coffee | 0.6–2.3 | 0.2–1.8 | 0.2–1.6 | 0.5–1.2 | nd-2.0 | 0.3–1.9 | 0.2–1.2 | ni | Restuccia et al., 2015 [57] | ||
| Rice wine | 1.1–59.9 | 0–0.7 | 0.2–9.6 | 0–0.2 | 0.3–1.5 | 0.4–37.1 | 0.1–3.8 | nd-0.5 | Lee et al., 2015 [64] | ||
| Fruit nectars | nd | nd-2.5 | 1.1–3.3 | 2.0–17.2 | nd | 1.3–3.0 | 1.5–3.6 | nd | nd | Preti et al., 2015 [21] | |
| Rice wine | nd-32.3 | nd-63.5 | nd-72.1 | nd-41.4 | Ordóñez et al., 2016 [47] | ||||||
| Vinegar | nd-3.2 | nd-0.1 | nd-0.3 | nd-0.2 | |||||||
| Cyder | nd-12.3 | - | nd-6.9 | nd-5.0 | |||||||
| Orange juice | 0.1-2.2 | - | tr | tr | |||||||
| Apricot juice | nd | nd | 1.4-7.1 | 4.0-17.9 | nd | 2.0–2.5 | 1.2–2.5 | nd | nd | ni | Preti et al., 2016 [60] |
| Peach 50% juice | nd | nd | 1.4–3.2 | 2.0–10.1 | nd | 1.3–2.0 | 1.2–2.7 | nd | nd | ni | |
| Peach 70% juice | nd | nd | 2.3–3.6 | 4.1–6.1 | nd | 2.0–4.4 | 1.4–1.9 | nd | nd | ni | |
| Pear 50% juice | nd | nd | 1.1–2.7 | 1.9–8.3 | nd | 1.2–1.8 | 1.2–3.5 | nd | nd | ni | |
| Pear 70% juice | nd | 1.1–1.2 | 1.4–4.4 | 3.8–6.2 | nd | 1.9–2.7 | 1.2–1.4 | nd | nd | ni | |
| Apple concentrate juice | nd | nd-0.4 | 0.6–1.7 | 0.6–4.3 | nd | 0.2–0.7 | 0.2–1.0 | nd | nd | ni | |
| Pineapple concentrate juice | nd | 0.2–1.7 | 1.5–2.0 | nd-3.1 | nd | 2.6–5.4 | 1.5–3.2 | nd | nd | ni | |
| Grapefruit concentrate juice | nd-1.2 | 6.2–13.0 | 7.2–20.8 | 0.4–2.3 | nd | 1.0–2.2 | 0.3–0.5 | nd | nd | ni | |
| Orange concentrate juice | nd-2.7 | 24.0–38.6 | 34.7–61.0 | nd | nd | 2.0–3.7 | 0.4–1.4 | nd | nd | ni | |
| Black tea infusion | 8.4–10.2 | nd-14.0 | nd-20.0 | 6.5–10.8 | nd-0.3 | nd | nd-2.0 | nd | Spizzirri et al., 2016 [58] | ||
| Green tea | 10.3–14.6 | nd | nd | 6.3–10.4 | nd-11.5 | nd | nd | nd | |||
| Tea drinks | nd-6.9 | nd | nd | 4.3–6.7 | nd | nd | nd | nd | |||
| Fruit liqueurs | tr-0.2 | tr-1.0 | tr-2.5 | tr-0.1 | tr-0.2 | tr | tr | Cunha et al., 2017 [43] | |||
| Herbs liqueurs | tr-1.1 | tr | tr | tr-0.1 | tr-0.2 | tr | tr | ||||
| Coffee liqueurs | tr-1.1 | tr-0.1 | tr-0.4 | tr | 0.0–0.2 | tr | tr | ||||
| Honey liqueurs | 0.1 | tr | 0.1–0.7 | tr-0.2 | tr | tr-0.1 | tr | ||||
| Fruit wine | 0–0.1 | 0–0.3 | 0–9.9 | 0–0.9 | 0–1.5 | tr | 0–4.0 | tr | tr | Płotka-Wasylka et al., 2018 [12] | |
| Cherry wine | 0.7–1.6 | 1.0–1.2 | 4.4–7.3 | 2.8–4.1 | 0.6–1.0 | 0.8–1.4 | Sun et al., 2018 [65] | ||||
| Raspberry wine | nd-3.3 | nd-1.1 | 0.6–2.4 | nd-2.6 | 1.1–11.3 | 0.2–4.1 | Li et al., 2020 [66] | ||||
| Chinese rice wines | nd-58.9 | nd-98.7 | nd-78.5 | nd-27.1 | nd-33.6 | nd-100.8 | nd | Fong et al., 2021 [41] | |||
| Cider with low alcoholic content | nd-45.9 | nd-42.9 | nd-9.3 | 0.7–7.6 | 1.1–9.9 | nd-47.5 | nd-7.7 | nd-1.1 | Lorencová et al., 2021 [39] | ||
| Cider with high alcoholic content | nd-45.0 | nd-19.9 | nd-18.1 | 1.2–4.8 | 1.7–9.1 | nd-47.3 | nd-9.6 | nd | |||
Legend: nd = not detected; tr = traces; ni = not investigated; Met = Methylamine; Eth = Ethylamine; Put = Putrescine; Cad = Cadaverine; His = Histamine; Spd = Spermidine; Spm = Spermine; Tyr = Tyramine; Phe = β-Phenylethylamine; and Tryp = Tryptamine.