Table 5.

Main toxicological effects of biogenic amines.

Biogenic Amine	Toxicological Reactions	References
Cadaverine and Putrescine	Bradycardia, hypotension, increased cardiac output, paresis of the extremities. Gastric or intestinal cancer illness. N-nitrosamine formation reacting with nitrites. Potentiation of histamine’s toxic effect.	Ladero et al., 2010 [68] Benkerroum, 2016 [69]
Histamine	Flushing, hives, rashes, swelling. Abdominal cramps, bloating, diarrhea, nausea, oral numbness, and thirst. Dizziness, faintness, headache, loss of sight, and tremor. Hypotonia, low blood pressure, myocardial disfunction, rapid and weak pulse, and shock. Dyspnea, rhinitis, respiratory distress, and sneezing.	Comas-Basté et al., 2020 [70] Visciano et al., 2020 [71]
Phenylethylamine	Attention deficit disorder, depression, hypertension, headache, migraine, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s disease.	Borah et al., 2013 [72] Benkerroum, 2016 [69]
Spermine and spermidine	N-nitrosamine formation reacting with nitrites. Potentiate the toxicity of the other biogenic amines.	Vinci et al., 2020 [4]
Tyramine	Nausea and vomiting. Headache, migraine, neurological disorders, salivation, and tearing. Hypertension, peripheral vasoconstriction, and respiratory disorders.	del Rio et al., 2017 [73]
Tryptamine	High blood pressure, headache, vomiting, and perspiration.	del Rio et al., 2020 [74]