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. 2022 Jan 27;12:785649. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.785649

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Copyright © 2022 Zohrabi, Dehghan Marvast, Izadi, Mousavi and Aflatoonian.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Direct mechanisms of MSC-mediated bacterial killing, MSC exert direct antibacterial effects due to host defense peptides or AMPs. MScs can mediate bacterial killing by disrupting the integrity of the bacterial membrane, creating pores in the bacterial membrane, preventing of iron uptake, inhibiting biofilm formation, depleting tryptophan in microorganisms, and halting the growth of bacteria. IDO pathways, Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase; iNOS pathways, inducible nitric oxide synthase; NO, nitric oxide.