TABLE 1.

Antibacterial and Immunomodulatory Effects of MSCs and MSC-Exos in in vitro and in vivo studies.

Study type	Source of MSC	Outcomes	References
In vivo: Mouse and dog models of chronic infections	AT-MSC	↑ Cathelicidin secretion ↑ Clearance of bacteria ↑ Monocyte recruitment ↑ M2 phenotype ↑ Neutrophil bacterial Phagocytosis	Johnson et al., 2017
In vivo: Murine Cystic fibrosis	BM-MSC, AT-MSC	↑ Enhance antibiotic sensitivity ↑ Capacity to kill bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus) ↑ LL-37	Sutton et al., 2017
In vitro: Bacterial growth in Equine model	BM-MSC, AT-MSC, EM-MSC	↓ Growth of E. coli ↑ Lipocalin-2 expression ↑ MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8, and CCL5	Cortés-Araya et al., 2018
In vitro and In vivo: Murine sepsis model	BM-MSC	↓ Genes expression of apoptosis ↓ Genes expression of Pro-inflammatory cytokine ↑ Antibacterial peptides ↑ Anti-inflammatory cytokines ↑ Animal survival rates ↑ Bacterial clearance (Staphylococcal enterotoxin B)	Saeedi et al., 2019
In vitro: Chronic skin wounds in Equine model	PB-MSC	↓ Growth of E. coli and S. aureus biofilms ↑ Cystatin C, elafin, lipocalin, cthelicidin	Harman et al., 2017
Ex vivo: Acute Lung Injury in Mice	HU-MSC	↑ Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) ↓ Influx of neutrophils ↓ Lung protein permeability ↓ Pulmonary edema	Zhu et al., 2014
In vivo: Chronic inflammation (Staphylococcus aureus) of the ovaries in mice	BM-MSC	↓ Leukocyte infiltration in ovaries ↓ Number of atretic follicles ↑ Ovary morphological parameters ↓ Apoptotic oocytes ↑ Pregnancy rate	Volkova et al., 2017
In vivo: Chronic salpingitis (E. coli) model in rabbits	WJ-MSC	↓ TNF-α ↑ Oviductal glycoprotein ↑ Repaired the structure of the tubal epithelium ↑ Pregnancy rates	Li et al., 2017
In vivo: Chronic salpingitis (Chlamydia trachomatis) murine model	hUC-MSC	↓ Macrophage infiltration ↑ IL-10 ↓ FT cell apoptosis (Caspase-3) ↑ Pregnancy rate	Liao et al., 2019
In vitro: Human Fetal Liver	FL-MSC-Exos	↓ Proliferation, activation, and cytotoxicity of NK cells via TGFb	Fan et al., 2019
In vivo: Intrauterine adhesions in a female rat model	UC-MSCs-EVs	↓TNF-α, ↓TGF-β ↓IL-1, ↓IL-6 ↓RUNX2, ↓Fibrosis ↓collagen-I ↓VEGF ↓IUA	Ebrahim et al., 2018
In vivo: Premature ovarian insufficiency model mice	hU-MSC-Exos	↑Restored ovarian phenotype and function ↑ovarian cells proliferation ↑exosomal miR-17-5P ↓SIRT7 expression	Ding et al., 2020
In vitro: inflammation in endometrial cells of equine models	A-MSC- MVs	↓Apoptosis rate ↓Pro-inflammatory gene expression ↓Pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion	Perrini et al., 2016
Ex vivo: Lung injury models in mice	BM-MSC-EV	↑M2 macrophage marker expression ↑Phagocytic macrophage Phenotype ↑Mitochondrial transfer to macrophage ↓Inflammation and lung injury	Morrison et al., 2017
In vitro: Asthma in human	BM-MSC-Exos	↑IL-10 ↑TGF-β1 ↑Immunosuppression capacity of Tregs	Du et al., 2017

MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; AT-MSC, adipose tissue-MSC; HU-MSC, human-MSC; BM-MSC, bone marrow-MSC; EM-MSC, endometrium-MSC; PB-MSC, peripheral blood-MSC; FL-MSC, fetal liver-MSC; WJ-MSC, wharton’s jelly; hUC-MSC, human umbilical cord-MSC; A-MSC, amniotic-MSC; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; CCL5, chemokine ligand-5; FT, Fallopian tube; IUAs, intrauterine adhesions.