. 2022 Jan 24;11(3):320. doi: 10.3390/foods11030320

Table 1.

Changes in the water-holding capacity of the scallop adductor muscle induced by freeze–thaw cycles.

FTCs	Impregnation Method	Yield (%)	Moisture (%)	Centrifugal Loss (%)	Cooking Loss (%)	T₂ Relaxation Times (ms)
FTCs	Impregnation Method	Yield (%)	Moisture (%)	Centrifugal Loss (%)	Cooking Loss (%)	T_2b	T₂₁	T₂₂
0	Fresh	-	80.02 ± 0.28 ^A	6.92 ± 0.51 ^A	3.99 ± 0.94 ^A	0.73 ± 0.07 ^A	52.51 ± 0.54 ^A	759.36 ± 4.51 ^A
1	Control	98.81 ± 0.16 ^Ad	78.52 ± 0.12 ^Bb	27.98 ± 1.99 ^Bc	16.41 ± 1.20 ^Bb	0.71 ± 0.11 ^Aa	69.05 ± 6.16 ^Ba	1387.10 ± 100.83 ^Bc
	GI	101.80 ± 0.74 ^Ac	80.40 ± 0.15 ^Aa	24.80 ± 2.48 ^Abc	17.79 ± 2.57 ^Ab	0.71 ± 0.06 ^Aa	75.18 ± 7.46 ^Aa	813.71± 96.27 ^Ab
	VI	106.76± 0.58 ^Ab	80.52 ± 0.38 ^Aa	20.92 ± 0.69 ^Aab	9.89 ± 2.90 ^Aa	0.67 ± 0.09 ^Aa	66.85 ± 5.29 ^Aa	771.46 ± 141.98 ^Aab
	US-VI	109.71± 0.58 ^Aa	80.81 ± 0.16 ^Aa	18.32 ± 0.96 ^Aa	8.90 ± 1.16 ^Aa	0.65 ± 0.04 ^Aa	63.03 ± 4.58 ^Aa	644.72 ± 38.81 ^Aa
3	Control	94.06 ± 0.49 ^Bd	78.74 ± 0.21 ^Bc	35.27 ± 2.50 ^Cb	34.41 ± 2.55 ^Cb	0.84 ± 0.08 ^Ab	73.42 ± 6.09 ^Bb	1538.35 ± 0.00 ^Cc
	GI	95.17 ± 0.91 ^Bc	79.63 ± 0.58 ^Bb	33.07 ± 2.80 ^Bb	31.66 ± 1.42 ^Bab	0.90 ± 0.00 ^Bb	68.65 ± 2.52 ^Aab	1019.21 ± 56.57 ^Bb
	VI	98.10 ± 0.70 ^Bb	80.52 ± 0.10 ^Aa	33.73 ± 2.05 ^Bb	28.14 ± 2.66 ^Ba	0.73 ± 0.07 ^Aa	65.33 ± 6.48 ^Aab	838.60 ± 66.37 ^Ba
	US-VI	101.01 ± 0.58 ^Ba	80.18 ± 0.27 ^Aab	29.04 ± 0.58 ^Ca	25.68 ± 1.80 ^Ba	0.70 ± 0.04 ^Aa	65.19 ± 4.59 ^Aa	803.18 ± 42.68 ^Ba
5	Control	87.44 ± 0.35 ^Cd	78.38 ± 0.23 ^Bc	32.05 ± 2.66 ^Cb	47.44 ± 1.87 ^Da	0.82 ± 0.07 ^Aab	65.81 ± 4.71 ^Ba	1623.72 ± 145.30 ^Ca
	GI	88.83 ± 0.55 ^Cc	79.33 ± 0.13 ^Bb	33.07 ± 0.88 ^Bb	46.64 ± 2.75 ^Ca	0.84 ± 0.06 ^Bb	68.38 ± 3.74 ^Aa	1615.71 ± 133.99 ^Ca
	VI	92.77 ± 0.29 ^Cb	79.22 ± 0.06 ^Bb	32.35 ± 0.45 ^Bb	42.06 ± 4.30 ^Ca	0.71 ± 0.09 ^Aa	62.01 ± 1.73 ^Aa	1538.79 ± 73.90 ^Ca
	US-VI	94.07 ± 0.07 ^Ca	80.25 ± 0.23 ^Aa	26.55 ± 0.72 ^Ba	44.87 ± 3.25 ^Ca	0.70 ± 0.05 ^Aa	63.76 ± 2.67 ^Aa	1437.52 ± 142.59 ^Ca

Different letters (a–d, A–D) within the same row indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). “A–D” letters indicate significant differences in the same treatment groups during different freeze–thaw cycles, and letters “a–d” indicate significant differences in different treatment groups under the same freeze–thaw cycles. Note: FTCs: freeze–thaw cycles; T_2b: bound water; T₂₁: immobilized water; T₂₂: free water; GI: general impregnation; VI: vacuum impregnation; US-VI: ultrasound-assisted vacuum impregnation.