Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of included studies.
| Author/Year | Country | Type of Research | Sample | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Age | Gender (Males) | |||
| Engels et al., 2001 [46] | USA | Cross-sectional | 412 | Early adolescents (mean = 13.0 SD = 0.82) Middle adolescents (mean = 16.5 SD = 1.09) |
Not reported |
| Mikulincer and Selinger, 2001 [79] | Israel | Cross-sectional | 193 | 15–16 (mean/SD = not reported) |
93 (48.20%) |
| Markiewicz et al., 2001 [80] | Canada | Cross-sectional | 69 | 16–12 (mean/SD = not reported) |
24 (34.80%) |
| Sánchez-Queija and Oliva, 2003 [81] | Spain | Cross-sectional | 513 | 13–19 (mean = 15.4 SD = 1.19) |
221 (43.10%) |
| Weimer et al., 2004 [70] | USA | Cross-sectional | 44 pairs (88) | 15–18 (mean = 16.3 SD = not reported) |
34 (38.60%) |
| Zimmermann, 2004 [82] | Germany | Cross-sectional | 43 | 16 (mean/SD = not reported) |
22 (51.20%) |
| Saferstein et al., 2005 [85] | USA | Cross-sectional | 330 | 17–22 | 112 (33.90%) |
| Allen et al., 2007 [64] | USA | Longitudinal | 167 | 13–16 Wave 1 (mean = 13.4) |
80 (47.90%) |
| Wave 2 (mean = 14.3) Wave 3 (mean = 15.2) | |||||
| Dykas et al., 2008 [51] | USA | Cross-sectional | 189 | 16–17 (mean = 17/ SD = not reported) |
71 (37.60%) |
| Feeney et al., 2008 [87] | USA | Cross-sectional | 135 | 15–18 (mean = 16.5 SD = 0.58) |
51 (38%) |
| Bauminger et al., 2008 [88] | Israel | Cross-sectional | 196 | 15–12 (mean/SD = not reported) |
116 (59.20%) |
| Shomaker and Furman, 2009 [89] | USA | Cross-sectional | 200 | 14–16 (mean = 15.3) |
100 (50%) |
| Carr, 2009 [59] | UK | Cross-sectional | 96 | mean = 13.1 SD = 1.01 |
96 (100%) |
| Boling et al., 2011 [86] | USA | Cross-sectional | 113 | 14–12 (mean = 12.7 SD = 0.7) |
51 (45.10%) |
| Sánchez-Queija and Oliva, 2015 [83] | Spain | Longitudinal | 101 | W1 (mean = 13.1) W2 (mean = 15.4) W3 (mean = 17.8) |
38 (37.60%) |
| Venta et al., 2015 [90] | USA | Cross-sectional | 271 | 17–12 (mean = 15.95 SD = 1.43) |
103 (38%) |
| Chow et al., 2016 [91] | USA | Longitudinal | 223 | 18–11 W1 (mean = 11.90 |
115 (51.60%) |
| SD = 0.43) W2 (mean = 14.20 SD = 0.46) W3 (mean = 16.17 SD = 0.44) W4 (mean = 17.84 SD = 0.46) | |||||
| Wong et al., 2020 [92] | Canada | Cross-sectional | 776 | 13–19 (mean = 15.2 SD = 1.52) |
13–19 (mean = 15.2 SD = 1.52) |
| Loeb et al., 2020 [84] | USA | Longitudinal | 184 | 14–18 W1 (mean = 14.27 SD = 0.77) W2 (mean = 15.21 SD = 0.81) W3 (mean = 16.35 SD = 0.87) W4 (mean = 17.32 SD = 0.88) W5 (mean = 18.38 SD = 104) |
86 (46%) |