Table 2.
Changes in the study parameters within-group at different times are expressed as mean ± SE.
| Parameters | Placebo (n = 24) | p-Value | Probiotics (n = 24) | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 12 Weeks | Baseline | 12 Weeks | |||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.13 ± 0.66 | 24.53 ± 1.41 | 0.611 | 23.95 ± 0.39 | 23.38 ± 0.34 | 0.010 * |
| BMR, kcal | 1287.96 ± 32.58 | 1280.05 ± 28.70 | 0.604 | 1220.27 ± 21.49 | 1233.36 ± 19.21 | 0.043 * |
| Body fat, % | 29.06 ± 1.57 | 32.41 ± 1.08 | <0.001 * | 29.19 ± 2.43 | 27.72 ± 1.03 | 0.563 |
| Visceral fat, % | 11.00 ± 0.90 | 11.48 ± 0.53 | 0.397 | 9.38 ± 0.52 | 9.14 ± 0.48 | 0.234 |
| Muscle, % | 66.03 ± 1.62 | 62.91 ± 0.61 | 0.079 | 69.57 ± 1.20 | 70.36 ± 1.26 | 0.188 |
| Body age, years | 59.88 ± 1.83 | 60.75 ± 1.21 | 0.544 | 60.57 ± 1.03 | 60.96 ± 0.94 | 0.464 |
| Arm circumference, cm | 28.87 ± 0.59 | 28.92 ± 0.61 | 0.883 | 28.25 ± 2.75 | 26.87 ± 0.48 | 0.610 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 86.46 ± 1.74 | 88.00 ± 1.60 | 0.099 | 84.77 ± 1.23 | 81.99 ± 1.26 | 0.011 * |
| Hip circumference, cm | 97.32 ± 1.23 | 99.20 ± 1.25 | 0.064 | 94.63 ± 1.11 | 87.87 ± 3.49 | 0.049 * |
| BUN, mg/dL | 13.07 ± 0.58 | 13.30 ± 0.58 | 0.622 | 13.81 ± 0.87 | 13.63 ± 0.99 | 0.811 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.81 ± 0.03 | 0.82 ± 0.03 | 0.177 | 0.87 ± 0.04 | 0.83 ± 0.03 | 0.013 * |
| AST, IU/L | 23.96 ± 1.85 | 27.57 ± 3.57 | 0.352 | 21.60 ± 1.29 | 19.70 ± 1.00 | 0.013 * |
| ALT, IU/L | 20.58 ± 1.68 | 23.42 ± 3.36 | 0.840 | 19.35 ± 1.67 | 16.25 ± 1.71 | 0.002 * |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 215.57 ± 8.48 | 206.35 ± 10.27 | 0.234 | 226.35 ± 9.66 | 217.80 ± 8.02 | 0.229 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 51.61 ± 1.76 | 48.22 ± 2.12 | 0.074 | 53.25 ± 2.86 | 56.65 ± 2.78 | <0.001 * |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 141.52 ± 11.81 | 157.17 ± 13.80 | 0.330 | 163.55 ± 21.36 | 147.40 ± 20.35 | 0.332 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 136.57 ± 8.02 | 130.10 ± 8.62 | 0.367 | 145.46 ± 7.46 | 126.60 ± 6.83 | 0.001 * |
| FBS, mg/dL | 99.87 ± 5.85 | 107.09 ± 6.84 | 0.130 | 106.53 ± 8.03 | 98.79 ± 7.79 | 0.021 * |
| IgA, ng/mL | 739.44 ± 80.41 | 790.20 ± 79.52 | 0.200 | 881.79 ± 50.35 | 1172.34 ± 50.53 | <0.001 * |
| LPS, pg/mL | 112.62 ± 16.22 | 94.14 ± 10.97 | 0.114 | 99.08 ± 5.10 | 39.82 ± 4.76 | 0.001 * |
| hsCRP, ml/L | 0.0087 ± 0.0014 | 0.0141 ± 0.0017 | 0.059 | 0.0117 ± 0.0046 | 0.0060 ± 0.0020 | 0.201 |
| Lactulose–Mannitol ratio | 0.156 ± 0.026 | 0.113 ± 0.017 | 0.052 | 0.222 ± 0.036 | 0.047 ± 0.004 | <0.001 * |
| Lactulose | 0.1292 ± 0.0248 | 0.0789 ± 0.0165 | 0.002 * | 0.0023 ± 0.0003 | 0.0013 ± 0.0002 | 0.006 * |
| QA, ng/mL | 28.38 ± 1.83 | 26.49 ± 1.21 | 0.513 | 29.84 ± 0.87 | 19.47 ± 0.83 | <0.001 * |
| 5-HIAA, mg/L | 3.17 ± 1.12 | 4.94 ± 1.85 | 0.463 | 8.04 ± 2.06 | 8.73 ± 1.38 | 0.551 |
| QA/5-HIAA ratio | 0.0145 ± 0.0038 | 0.0092 ± 0.0025 | 0.463 | 0.0056 ± 0.0009 | 0.0036 ± 0.0007 | 0.121 |
| Lactic acid, mmol/g sample | 232.96 ± 144.52 | 78.58 ± 22.84 | 0.593 | 48.22 ± 8.79 | 96.74 ± 23.06 | 0.066 |
| Acetic acid, mmol/g sample | 45.11 ± 0.20 | 37.95 ± 1.40 | 0.180 | 37.07 ± 5.25 | 26.94 ± 5.66 | 0.128 |
| Propionic, mmol/g sample | 413.81 ± 74.29 | 694.21 ± 216.16 | 0.225 | 411.97 ± 28.18 | 682.59 ± 90.31 | 0.012 * |
| Butyric acid, mmol/g sample | 5.67 ± 1.02 | 7.47 ± 2.27 | 0.913 | 14.62 ± 5.74 | 63.45 ± 15.60 | 0.046 * |
* = Significant difference in p-value at 95% confidence interval: AST = Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT = Alanine aminotransferase; HDL = High-Density Lipoprotein; LDL = Low-Density Lipoprotein; FBS = Fasting Blood Sugar; IgA = Immunoglobulin A; hsCRP = High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein; LPS = Lipopolysaccharide; QA = Quinolinic acid; 5-HIAA = 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid.