Table 1.

The prognostic role of miRNAs in PanNETs.

miRNA	Expression	Function	Clinical Implication	Ref. No.
miR-96-5p	⬆	Oncogenic, FoxO1a inhibition	High tumor grade	[127]
miR-130b-3p	⬆	N/A
miR-194-5p	⬇	N/A
miR-132-3p	⬆	Tumor-suppressing and tumor-promoting function	Low tumor grade Vascular invasion Somatostatin expression	[126]
miR-34a-5p	⬆	N/A	Somatostatin, gastrin, and serotonin expression
miR-145-5p	⬆	N/A	High tumor grade Lymphatic invasion Serotonin expression
miR-449a	⬆	Oncogenic via histone deacetylases 3/4	High tumor grade, mitotic and proliferative activity, lymph-node invasion
miR-183-5p	⬆	Tumor suppressor	High tumor grade Tumor size Somatostatin-receptor expression
miR-196a	⬆	N/A	Advanced tumor Lymph-node invasion High mitotic and proliferative activity Recurrence	[128]
miR-660 miR-30a-5p miR-339-3p miR-345	⬇	N/A	Metastatic disease	[115]
miR-210	⬆	Oncogenic	Metastatic disease	[115,121]
miR-642	⬆	Oncogenic	Proliferative activity	[121]
miR-3653	⬆	Oncogenic associated with ATRX mutations	Metastatic disease	[129]
miR-21	⬆	Oncogenic	Tumor grade Metastatic disease Proliferative activity	[115] [114] [116]

Forkhead Box Protein O1A (FoxO1a), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome x-linked (ATRX), epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT).