Table 1.
Characteristics of survey respondents.
| Variable level | Weighted percentage, % | ||||||
|
|
|
Wave 1 (N=14,636) | Wave 2 (N=14,936) | Wave 3 (N=14,946) | Wave 4 (N=15,265) | Wave 5 (N=14,557) | Overall (N=74,340) |
| Age (years), n (%) | |||||||
|
|
18-29 | 2975 (20.3) | 3036 (20.3) | 3046 (20.4) | 3100 (20.3) | 2958 (20.3) | 15,115 (20.3) |
|
|
30-44 | 3703 (25.3) | 3798 (25.4) | 3911 (26.2) | 3866 (25.3) | 3922 (26.9) | 19,119 (25.8) |
|
|
45-64 | 4953 (33.8) | 5106 (34.2) | 5054 (33.8) | 5114 (33.5) | 4925 (33.8) | 25,151 (33.8) |
|
|
65+a | 3006 (20.5) | 2996 (20.1) | 2936 (19.6) | 3185 (20.9) | 2752 (18.9) | 14,875 (20.0) |
| Gender, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Male | 7067 (48.3) | 7211 (48.3) | 7225 (48.3) | 7367 (48.3) | 7028 (48.3) | 35,898 (48.3) |
|
|
Femalea | 7569 (51.7) | 7725 (51.7) | 7721 (51.7) | 7898 (51.7) | 7529 (51.7) | 38,443 (51.7) |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Whitea | 9266 (63.3) | 9456 (63.3) | 9512 (63.6) | 9666 (63.3) | 9222 (63.3) | 47,122 (63.4) |
|
|
Black | 1641 (11.2) | 1670 (11.2) | 1638 (11.0) | 1736 (11.4) | 1633 (11.2) | 8318 (11.2) |
|
|
Asian | 8318 (6.9) | 1029 (6.9) | 1032 (6.9) | 1051 (6.9) | 1003 (6.9) | 5123 (6.9) |
|
|
Hispanic | 2264 (15.5) | 2325 (15.6) | 2292 (15.3) | 2338 (15.3) | 2256 (15.5) | 11,475 (15.4) |
|
|
Other | 457 (3.1) | 456 (3.1) | 472 (3.2) | 475 (3.1) | 444 (3.0) | 2304 (3.1) |
| Education, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
High school or lessa | 4771 (32.6) | 4861 (32.5) | 4610 (30.8) | 5011 (32.8) | 4825 (33.1) | 24,086 (32.4) |
|
|
Some college | 5350 (36.6) | 5467 (36.6) | 5711 (38.2) | 5541 (36.3) | 5239 (36.0) | 27,283 (36.7) |
|
|
College and above | 4515 (30.8) | 4608 (30.8) | 4626 (30.9) | 4713 (30.9) | 4493 (30.9) | 22,971 (30.9) |
| Heath status, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Generally healthya | 8260 (56.4) | 8347 (55.9) | 8078 (54.0) | 8196 (53.7) | 7446 (51.1) | 40,326 (54.2) |
|
|
Significant diagnosis | 6376 (43.6) | 6589 (44.1) | 6868 (46.0) | 7070 (46.3) | 7111 (48.9) | 34,014 (45.8) |
| Household incomeb, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
34,999 or less | 2968 (20.3) | 3029 (20.3) | 3018 (20.2) | 3095 (20.3) | 2950 (20.3) | 15,060 (20.3) |
|
|
35,000-79,999 | 5228 (35.7) | 5336 (35.7) | 5339 (35.7) | 5462 (35.7) | 5200 (35.7) | 26,565 (35.7) |
|
|
80,000 or more | 6440 (44.0) | 6571 (44.0) | 6589 (44.1) | 6708 (44.0) | 6407 (44.0) | 32,715 (44.0) |
| Lives alone, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Yes | 2254 (15.4) | 2305 (15.4) | 2305 (15.4) | 2440 (16.0) | 2544 (17.5) | 11,850 (15.9) |
|
|
Noa | 12,347 (84.4) | 12,596 (84.3) | 12,597 (84.3) | 12,720 (83.3) | 11,955 (82.1) | 62,215 (83.7) |
|
|
Missingc | 34 (0.2) | 35 (0.2) | 44 (0.3) | 105 (0.7) | 58 (0.4) | 276 (0.4) |
| Children living at home, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Yes | 5552 (37.9) | 5787 (38.7) | 5863 (39.2) | 5948 (39.0) | 5297 (36.4) | 28,447 (38.3) |
|
|
Noa | 9013 (61.6) | 9088 (60.8) | 9012 (60.3) | 9187 (60.2) | 9189 (63.1) | 45,488 (61.2) |
|
|
Missing | 71 (0.5) | 61 (0.4) | 72 (0.5) | 130 (0.9) | 72 (0.5) | 376 (0.5) |
| Employment in the past 2 monthsd, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Working in person | 3175 (21.7) | 4012 (26.9) | 4414 (29.5) | N/Ae | N/A | N/A |
|
|
Working remotely | 3239 (22.1) | 2937 (19.7) | 2699 (18.1) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
|
Not working due to COVID | 1974 (13.5) | 1555 (10.4) | 1364 (9.1) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
|
Not working for other reason | 244 (1.7) | 464 (3.1) | 489 (3.3) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
|
Not working prior to COVIDa | 5982 (40.9) | 5949 (39.8) | 5941 (39.8) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
|
Missing | 21 (0.1) | 18 (0.1) | 39 (0.3) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Political identification, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Democrat | 6575 (44.9) | 6685 (44.8) | 6548 (43.8) | 7199 (47.2) | 6218 (42.7) | 33,225 (44.7) |
|
|
Republicana | 5374 (36.7) | 5416 (36.3) | 5785 (38.7) | 5375 (35.2) | 5515 (37.9) | 27,465 (36.9) |
|
|
Independent | 2676 (18.3) | 2818 (18.9) | 2596 (17.4) | 2655 (17.4) | 2795 (19.2) | 13,540 (18.2) |
|
|
Missing | 12 (0.1) | 17 (0.1) | 17 (0.1) | 37 (0.2) | 29 (0.2) | 111 (0.1) |
| Region, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Northeast | 2653 (18.1) | 2605 (17.4) | 2607 (17.4) | 2663 (17.4) | 2539 (17.4) | 13,067 (17.6) |
|
|
Midwest | 3075 (21.0) | 3107 (20.8) | 3109 (20.8) | 3179 (20.8) | 3028 (20.8) | 15,499 (20.8) |
|
|
South | 5695 (38.9) | 5664 (37.9) | 5668 (37.9) | 5786 (37.9) | 5521 (37.9) | 28,334 (38.1) |
|
|
Westa | 3213 (22.0) | 3560 (23.8) | 3561 (23.8) | 3637 (23.8) | 3469 (23.8) | 17,441 (23.5) |
| Urban-rural, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Rural | 3530 (24.1) | 3602 (24.1) | 3614 (24.2) | 3677 (24.1) | 3512 (24.1) | 17,936 (24.1) |
|
|
Suburban | 3554 (24.3) | 3627 (24.3) | 3710 (24.3) | 3709 (24.3) | 3535 (24.3) | 18,054 (24.3) |
|
|
Urban-suburban | 6183 (42.2) | 6309 (42.2) | 6311 (42.2) | 6450 (42.2) | 6149 (42.2) | 31,401 (42.2) |
|
|
Urbana | 1369 (9.4) | 1397 (9.4) | 1393 (9.3) | 1428 (9.4) | 1361 (9.3) | 6949 (9.4) |
| COVID-19 infection in the past 2 months, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Believes no exposurea | 13,348 (91.2) | 13,403 (89.7) | 13,409 (89.7) | 12,989 (85.1) | 12,039 (82.7) | 65,188 (87.7) |
|
|
Tested positive for COVID-19 | 209 (1.4) | 447 (3.0) | 553 (3.7) | 794 (5.2) | 1211 (8.3) | 3213 (4.3) |
|
|
Believes had COVID-19 | 802 (5.5) | 730 (4.9) | 687 (4.6) | 960 (6.3) | 651 (4.5) | 3831 (5.2) |
|
|
Believes household had COVID-19 (but not self) | 250 (1.7) | 323 (2.2) | 271 (1.8) | 462 (3.0) | 620 (4.3) | 1926 (2.6) |
|
|
Missing | 27 (0.2) | 32 (0.2) | 27 (0.2) | 60 (0.4) | 36 (0.2) | 182 (0.2) |
| COVID-19 restriction stress in the past 2 weeks, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Not at alla | 4145 (28.3) | 4666 (31.2) | 5402 (36.1) | 4904 (32.1) | 6231 (42.8) | 25,348 (34.1) |
|
|
Slightly | 5389 (36.8) | 5386 (36.1) | 5085 (34.0) | 5126 (33.6) | 4227 (29.0) | 25,213 (33.9) |
|
|
Moderately | 2992 (20.4) | 2890 (19.3) | 2724 (18.2) | 3022 (19.8) | 2414 (16.6) | 14,041 (18.9) |
|
|
Very | 1354 (9.3) | 1227 (8.2) | 988 (6.6) | 1319 (8.6) | 909 (6.2) | 5797 (7.8) |
|
|
Extremely | 718 (4.9) | 735 (4.9) | 734 (4.9) | 843 (5.5) | 712 (4.9) | 3742 (5.0) |
|
|
Missing | 38 (0.3) | 33 (0.2) | 13 (0.1) | 50 (0.3) | 65 (0.4) | 199 (0.3) |
| COVID-19 worry in the past month, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Not worrieda | 3982 (27.2) | 3856 (25.8) | 4234 (28.3) | 3965 (26.0) | 5586 (38.4) | 21,623 (29.1) |
|
|
Mild | 5912 (40.4) | 6057 (40.6) | 6118 (40.9) | 6188 (40.5) | 5036 (34.6) | 29,311 (39.4) |
|
|
Moderate-severe | 3843 (26.3) | 4098 (27.4) | 3708 (24.8) | 4220 (27.6) | 3204 (22.0) | 19,073 (25.7) |
|
|
Missing | 899 (6.1) | 925 (6.2) | 887 (5.9) | 892 (5.8) | 731 (5.0) | 4333 (5.8) |
| COVID-19 risk in the next 30 days, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Very lowa | 4736 (32.4) | 4680 (31.3) | 4915 (32.9) | 5496 (36.0) | 6352 (43.6) | 26,180 (35.2) |
|
|
Moderately low | 4114 (28.1) | 4193 (28.1) | 4078 (27.3) | 3804 (24.9) | 3595 (24.7) | 19,785 (26.6) |
|
|
Neither high nor low | 4081 (27.9) | 4241 (28.4) | 4178 (28.0) | 4150 (27.2) | 3212 (22.1) | 19,862 (26.7) |
|
|
Moderately or very high | 1686 (11.5) | 1797 (12.0) | 1761 (11.8) | 1796 (11.8) | 1375 (9.4) | 8414 (11.3) |
|
|
Missing | 19 (0.1) | 25 (0.2) | 14 (0.1) | 19 (0.1) | 22 (0.2) | 100 (0.1) |
| COVID-19 deaths per 1000 in the past 14 days (terciles)f, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Low density of deaths | 4862 (33.2) | 4942 (33.1) | 4959 (33.2) | 5014 (32.8) | 4851 (33.3) | 24,628 (33.1) |
|
|
Medium density of deaths | 4827 (33.0) | 5011 (33.5) | 4990 (33.4) | 5176 (33.9) | 4860 (33.4) | 24,864 (33.5) |
|
|
High density of deaths | 4947 (33.8) | 4983 (33.4) | 4997 (33.4) | 5075 (33.2) | 4846 (33.3) | 24,848 (33.4) |
| Known COVID-19 deathsg, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
0a | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8046 (55.3) | N/A |
|
|
1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2277 (15.6) | N/A |
|
|
≥2 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 4141 (28.4) | N/A |
|
|
Missing | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 93 (0.6) | N/A |
| Vaccination statusg, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Fully vaccinated | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 4745 (32.6) | N/A |
|
|
Partially vaccinated | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2355 (16.2) | N/A |
|
|
Not vaccinateda | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 7457 (51.2) | N/A |
| Loneliness, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
No lonelinessa | 9211 (62.9) | 9204 (61.6) | 9162 (61.3) | 9045 (59.2) | 8909 (61.2) | 45,531 (61.3) |
|
|
Any loneliness | 5271 (36.0) | 5577 (37.3) | 5611 (37.5) | 6024 (39.5) | 5281 (36.3) | 27,764 (37.3) |
|
|
Missing | 153 (1.0) | 155 (1.0) | 173 (1.2) | 197 (1.3) | 367 (2.5) | 1045 (1.4) |
| Uncertainty tolerance, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
High tolerancea | 5957 (40.7) | 6089 (40.8) | 6064 (40.6) | 6042 (39.6) | 6024 (41.4) | 30,175 (40.6) |
|
|
Medium tolerance | 5230 (35.7) | 5226 (35.0) | 5262 (35.2) | 5532 (36.2) | 4987 (34.3) | 26,238 (35.3) |
|
|
Low tolerance | 3112 (21.3) | 3351 (22.4) | 3281 (21.9) | 3451 (22.6) | 3308 (22.7) | 16,503 (22.2) |
|
|
Missing | 337 (2.3) | 270 (1.8) | 339 (2.3) | 241 (1.6) | 238 (1.6) | 1424 (1.9) |
| Avoidance coping (past 2 weeks), n (%) | |||||||
|
|
No avoidancea | 7917 (54.1) | 8475 (56.7) | 8795 (58.8) | 8663 (56.8) | 9103 (62.5) | 42,954 (57.8) |
|
|
Any avoidance | 6719 (45.9) | 6461 (43.3) | 6151 (41.2) | 6602 (43.2) | 5454 (37.5) | 31,387 (42.2) |
| Approach coping (past 2 weeks), n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Low approach | 5177 (35.4) | 5476 (36.7) | 6134 (41.0) | 6022 (39.4) | 7205 (49.5) | 30,015 (40.4) |
|
|
Moderate approach | 4116 (28.1) | 4222 (28.3) | 4175 (27.9) | 4464 (29.2) | 3804 (26.1) | 20,781 (28.0) |
|
|
High approacha | 5343 (36.5) | 5238 (35.1) | 4637 (31.0) | 5780 (31.3) | 3547 (24.4) | 23,545 (31.7) |
| Anxiety (past 7 days), n (%) | |||||||
|
|
No anxietya | 6371 (43.5) | 6384 (42.7) | 6674 (44.7) | 6418 (42.0) | 7274 (50.0) | 33,122 (44.6) |
|
|
Mild | 3540 (24.2) | 3569 (23.9) | 3478 (23.3) | 3500 (22.9) | 2864 (19.7) | 16,951 (22.8) |
|
|
Moderate to severe | 4616 (31.5) | 4905 (32.8) | 4661 (31.2) | 5233 (34.3) | 4309 (29.6) | 23,723 (31.9) |
|
|
Missing | 109 (0.7) | 78 (0.5) | 133 (0.9) | 114 (0.7) | 110 (0.8) | 544 (0.7) |
| Depression (past 2 weeks), n (%) | |||||||
|
|
No depressiona | 7751 (53.0) | 7712 (51.6) | 7688 (51.4) | 7702 (50.5) | 7560 (51.9) | 38,413 (51.7) |
|
|
Mild | 3493 (23.9) | 3578 (24.0) | 3301 (22.1) | 3372 (22.1) | 3044 (20.9) | 16,789 (22.6) |
|
|
Moderate to severe | 3186 (21.8) | 3407 (22.8) | 3705 (24.8) | 3936 (25.8) | 3684 (25.3) | 17,918 (24.1) |
|
|
Missing | 205 (1.4) | 239 (1.6) | 253 (1.7) | 255 (1.7) | 269 (1.8) | 1221 (1.6) |
aReferent category for regressions presented in Table 2.
bIncome was included in the regression in terciles, with the first tercile as the reference group.
cCases with missing responses were excluded from the regression models in Table 2.
dCurrent employment status was not assessed at waves 4 and 5.
eN/A: not applicable.
fCOVID-19 deaths by respondent county were included in the regressions in terciles, with the first tercile as the reference group.
gKnown COVID-19 deaths and vaccination status were assessed at wave 5 only.