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. 2022 Jan 28;12:813703. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.813703

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Copyright © 2022 Rahman, Ahmed, Rahman, Park and Kim.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Several signaling pathways modulating autophagy in gastric cancer treatment. AMPK/ULK1 inhibits mTOR pathway, which positively activates autophagy induction. Neurotransmitter and miRNA regulate autophagy induction. However, autophagy-related gene (ATG), 3-metheylalanine (3-MA), chloroquine (CQ), bafilomycin A1 (BAF-1), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibited and modulated entire autophagy process. β₂-Adrenergic receptor activates beclin-1 and inhibits autophagy.