TABLE 2.

Phytochemicals and their effects on gastric cancer via autophagy pathway.

Compounds	Experimental model/cells	Dose/duration	Autophagy mechanism	References
N-butylidenephthalide	AGS	25, 50, 75 μg/mL; 24 h	↑REDD1	Liao et al. (2018)
			↓mTOR
Perillaldehyde	Xenograft model of gastric cancer	100 mg/kg per day	Beclin-1, LC-3-II, cathepsin, p53-mediated autophagy	Zhang et al. (2018b)
Terpenoid	AGS, MKN-45, KATO III	10, 20, 30 μM; 24 h	↑p-JNK, p-p38, p-AMPK, Bax, cyt c, caspase-3, c-PARP1, LC-3-II	Chun et al. (2014)
			↓p-ERK, p-AKT, p-mTOR, NF-κB, COX-2, cyclin D1, VEGF, Bcl-2, Bid
Kangfuxin	SGC-7901	0.1, 1 μg/mL; 48 h	↑GRP78, CHOP, caspase-12, LC-3-II/LC-3-I, Bax	Chen et al. (2017)
			↓Bcl-2
Rottlerin	SGC-7901, MGC-803	2 ,4, 8 μM; 24 h	↑LC-3-II	Song et al. (2018)
			↓mTOR, Skp2
Allicin	Human gastric cancer cell MGC-803, BGC-823, and SGC-7901	1 μg/mL	Increase expression of p38 and autophagy	Zhang et al. (2015)
Evodiamine	SGC-7901	10 µM	Activates beclin-2 and autophagy	Rasul et al. (2012)
Pectolinarigenin	AGS and MKN-28	50 and 100 μM	PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling	Lee et al. (2018)
3,3′-Diindolylmethane	BGC-823 and SGC-7901	60 μM	miR-30e-ATG-5 modulating autophagy	Ye et al. (2016)
Latcripin 1	SGC-7901 and BGC-823	30, 60, and 90 μM	ATG-7, ATG-5, ATG-12, ATG-14, and beclin-1 induction autophagy	Batool et al. (2018)
Kaempferol	Human GC cell lines (AGS, SNU-216, NCI-N87, SNU-638, and MKN-74)	50 μM	Activation of the IRE1-JNK-CHOP–mediated autophagy	Kim et al. (2018b)