Table 3.

Overview qualitative analyses and ICF linking of interviews with autistic participants and caregivers.

Theme	Subtheme	Codes	Example Units	ICF Links
HEALTH DURING COVID	DETRIMENTS TO OVERALL HEALTH	Understimulation cause distress (N = 7)	“at the same time I’ve also had a hard time finding motivation for school and sort in general. And also kind of, like, I don’t know, a sense of meaninglessness, a bit understimulated in general” [YP-78] “What he needed then was rest. But now he is well rested. And the you notice that he is a bit too bored again” [PP-67]	* b130 Energy and drive functions * b152 Emotional functions *** e555. Associations in organisational services, systems and policies
		Restrictions take a toll on mental health (N = 22)	“You now, the mental health has been affected. I’s kind of lowered. Cause it’s like, I don’t like change and the loneliness and the uncertainty” [YP-73] “I usually have a lot of worries and anxiety but I think it has become worse” [AP-01] “I easily get, I get low to put it simply. It get’s harder to do things..” [AP-12] “I have always had sleeping problems that have now become even worse” [AP-14] “He has slit opened his wrists at one time during the spring. It was a situation where he was also feeling more anxious” [PP-13]	* b152 Emotional functions * b130 Energy and drive functions * b160 Thought functions * b134 Sleep functions * e570 Social security services, systems, and policies * b765 Involuntary movement functions * d920 Recreation and leisure * d570 Looking after one’s health * d760 Family relationships * d770 Intimate relationships * d240 Handling stress and other psychological demands * d230 Carrying out daily routine
		Continuous health concerns (N = 18)	“Because it’s also that if I would get COVID, the fever from COVID could make me have another attack” [YP-73] “And he was worried, will you die mummy?” [PP-70]	b152 Emotional functions * b160 Thought functions d240 Handling stress and other psychological demands * d570 Looking after one’s health e310 Immediate family
		Continuous financial concerns (N = 6)	“But I definitely have financial worries all the time. Because of COVID-19, amongst other things” [AP-06]	* b152 Emotional functions * d870 Economic self-sufficiency e570 Social security services, systems, and policies e580 Health services, systems, and policies
		Less daily activity (N = 14)	“But I have been outside a dozen times at most since March. That might not be super healthy” [AP-06] “But I notice that I’ve gained some weight. And I think that might be because I haven’t gotten that natural everyday exercise since COVID-19 come along” [AP-32]	* b130 Energy and drive functions * b152 Emotional functions * d570 Looking after one’s health * d920 Recreation and leisure ** b530. Weight maintenance functions
	SUPPORTED WELL-BEING	Thriving during the pandemic (N = 16)	“I have a lot more energy left to do things I like during the week. And that’s because I kind of don’t need to be in the classroom where there can be a lot of noise that can disturb me” [YP-08] “you know, I’ve been very well actually, surprisingly well actually, it probably also has something to do with not stressing myself to be active all the time” [YP-69] “then I don’t leave the house because I find it hard to deal with large crowds. But now I know it’s often kind of empty. So then it’s great like, I get out more” [AP-33] “Now she has actually started doing it. Now during the summer vacation she’s been away and they have met several times. The previous summer she didn’t meet anyone for the entire summer” [PP-07] “He is not scared of the disease. He has no interest in the news” [PP-67]	* b152 Emotional functions * b126 Temperament and personality functions * e250 Sound * b130 Energy and drive functions
		More time for interests/talents/passions (N = 14)	“I draw as I usually do. But a bit more now that I am home” [YP-11] “But that you realize, damn I can do more than I thought. That you have more time to actually immerse yourself in something and get better at it” [AP-06]	* b130 Energy and drive functions * b160 Thought functions d650 Caring for household objects * d920 Recreation and leisure
		Found other ways to stay active (N = 9)	” Well, the physical is probably about the same. Potentially my conditioning is slightly better because I walked outside a bit more than I usually do” [YP-78] “But then I felt that—no this is going to last for a while so then I will leave. Because I can live more actively here, and it is easier for me to follow restrictions and stuff like that” [AP-32] ”Since you haven’t been as much with friends I think my judgement is that we might have been even more out in the woods” [PP-75]	* d570 Looking after one’s health * d920 Recreation and leisure ** e298 Natural environment and human-made changes to environment, other specified
		My pet takes me outside (N = 5)	“She [cat] keeps me alert and activated. We play a lot indoors and I usually walk with here outside in a leash in the woods area behind the house where I live” [AP-14]	** e350 Domesticated animals ** e298 Natural environment and human-made changes to environment, other specified
ACCESS TO REGULAR SUPPORT	RESTRICTED ACCESS TO SUPPORT	Regular support services have become unavailable for us (N = 20)	“I have also been a bit unsure of how things work with the habilitation services and that kind of stuff, if you can go there or if it is over the phone and that kind of stuff. So I haven’t been there all spring either” [AP-05] “I never got a first meeting. And already then the unemployment agency was under a lot of pressure anyway cause they receive less money, so that probably also has an effect. But then COVID came along and there are more unemployed and the unemployment agency still have little money and I heard that my administrator had 160 unemployed that only she was in charge of (laughter)” [AP-31] “travelling by public transport or sitting at a healthcare service space with other people [and talking online while] partner was working from home” [AP-12] “So you haven’t been able to, I haven’t been able to meet my parents either. So there hasn’t been any respite so” [AP-65] “And ordered home delivery so you get it to the door. It has worked great. But from March, April and the May it was three and a half week, the delivery times where prolonged. And that didn’t work for me. Because I don’t have the ability to look that far ahead” [AP-35]	d730 Relating with strangers * d360 Using communication devices and techniques e580 Health services, systems, and policies e315 Extended family e355 Health professionals e340 Personal care providers and personal assistants * d620 Acquisition of goods and services * d230 Carrying out daily routine d330 Speaking
		Remote support services offer added communicative challenges (N = 5)	“Yes it’s different because you cannot sense the mood as well over the telephone. It can also be difficult for me to know when the other person has stopped talking, or if they have just taken a break when I talk on the phone. That I might interrupt even though that’s not my intention. And I’ve noticed that she is a bit more disorganized like that” [AP-32] “Just thought it was hard and weird [video-call with psychiatrist]. When it’s about that type of stuff it gets strange” [PP-67]	* d360 Using communication devices and techniques d330 Speaking * d315 Communicating with—receiving—nonverbal messages e310 Immediate family
		Finding adequate support is always difficult for us (N = 14)	“No. I hold it together yeah…It is not sustainable. I know it’s not sustainable. But it is what I got” [AP-12] “I don’t really think I got that support before COVID either (laughter). I have mostly been shuffled around different people or been told ‘no’ cause I have autism and they don’t deal with that, or they don’t know anything about that” [AP-31]	* d760 Family relationships b122 Global psychosocial functions * b125 Dispositions and intra-personal functions * b130 Energy and drive functions d210 Undertaking a single task d220 Undertaking multiple tasks * d230 Carrying out daily routine e310 Immediate family e330 People in positions of authority e340 Personal care providers and personal assistants e355 Health professionals e360 Other professionals e580 Health services, systems, and policies e585 Education and training services, systems, and policies
	ACCESS TO REGULAR SUPPORT	Remote support allows flexibility (N = 14)	“We have talked over Teams Speak […] Ok. Easier to talk […] That it’s faster […] That we don’t have to go there and sit in like a waiting room and go back” [YP-76] “For me, this works much better, mostly cause then you don’t have to like, like she comes quite early in the morning, and then if it’s over the phone I can sleep a bit longer and stuff. So that feels much better” [AP-33] “Then after, a few weeks, maybe one month passed, they could offer the course online. That was wow. Why haven’t you done this earlier. It was very positive” [PP-70]	* e125 Products and technology for communication * d360 Using communication devices and techniques d730 Relating with strangers e355 Health professionals ** e398 Support and relationships, other specified
		In-person support has been available as usual (N = 16)	“Yes, that I can call when I feel bad. I can meet in person more often if I want to. It’s kind after what I need. I appreciate that enormously” [AP-01] “Talk a lot with my housing support person about my anxieties. They usually help me to go to the grocery store and sometimes go for walks together […] My housing support has been especially important now” [AP-14] “Yeah, we’ve continued as usual [with support family] even with cold symptoms and stuff like that” [PP-02]	e340 Personal care providers and personal assistants e355 Health professionals
NEED FOR SOCIALIZING	SENSE OF LOSS OF SOCIAL CONNECTION	Less in-person socializing (N = 15)	“But yes, I have kept in contact with a few a little. Not as much as I usually do. And even though I have more energy now it is still nice to spend that energy on being with people. Because I notice I need that” [YP-78] “I guess it’s one or two that live close by where I live. I’ve been able to see them. I’ve biked to one of them. […]. And so it’s been outside then” [AP-01] “Some of his friends that lives in other regions or they, they live in [the city], we have, we simply don’t play with them. So that’s kind of sad” [PP-74] “thinks it’s sad that he cannot meet the friends that aren’t in the same pre-school. In some way we have drawn a line there as parents” [PP-70]	* d750 Informal social relationships *** e545 Civil protection services, systems and policies
		Missed in-person connection with family and relatives (N = 12)	“I have reacted quite negatively to that I think, because my grand-father dies so I would have wanted to meet him before and kind of comfort my grand-mother” [YP-08] “He misses his grand-father very much. And when you talk, it is not possible now because it’s corona-times. So it’s mostly like ‘I hate corona, I hate corona’” [PP-13]	* d760 Family relationships e310 Immediate family e315 Extended family
		Social recreational activities have stopped (N = 15)	“I had, I really don’t have any close friend so but I have many acquaintances in Pokémon-Go that I meet a lot when I’m out playing, and I have barely seen them at all now” [AP-31] “Previously I was active in [interest organisation] but now I’m not active in anything. I don’t feel a part of the community at all” [AP-14] “Yes, especially swim practice, that hit him hard. Because he loves to swim” [PP-13] “But now we’ve ordered, all of his clothes online. We’ve been out shopping for shoes one single time. […] That’s the only time he has been out for this entire period of time” [PP-75]	* d570 Looking after one’s health * d920 Recreation and leisure * d910 Community life e320 Friends e325 Acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbors, and community members
		Feeling lonely (N = 10)	“But then it’s more about the loneliness. Because I don’t have many good friends either. That I have contact with. So it’s just been like I’m a bit lonely here. I have my parents but they aren’t a substitute for friendships” [YP-73] “been going pretty hard core self-isolation, so kind of like on a USA-level. We’ve hardly gone outside. So it’s been very lonely” [YP-69] “It has affected me in the sense that I might feel a bit more lonely than I would have otherwise, cause it’s, social activities have disappeared” [AP-33]	b122 Global psychosocial functions * d760 Family relationships * d920 Recreation and leisure e310 Immediate family e315 Extended family e320 Friends
		Remote connection fall short (N = 17)	“I’ve had piano-lessons. Which has been over FaceTime instead […] At the same time it’s a bit harder to get feedback in different ways because it is something you do physically with your hands. I don’t know. Bu yeah, kind of neutral” [YP-78] “It is like drinking Cola Zero instead of regular Coke when you are a sugar addict. You kind of get the right feeling but you know it’s still not quite right” [AP-65] “I don’t know, I don’t want to call too much because then she [grand-mother] thinks we are in [her country]. And then she goes looking for us upstairs” [YP-08] “But I don’t like it at all. I think it disturbs my brain very much” [AP-05]	d720 Complex interpersonal interactions * d750 Informal social relationships d760 Family relationships * d360 Using communication devices and techniques * d920 Recreation and leisure e360 Other professionals * e125 Products and technology for communication
		Misses incidental contacts in regular structured environments (N = 8)	“Yes, I have missed that actually, we usually sit at the same table every lunch” [YP-11] “He has missed the social in school too. He has. He has said that. And it is noticeable too” [PP-77] “There are very clear rules there and everybody talked to each other. I don’t think there was anyone who did not talk to someone else. So yeah, it was a bit of both. Miss the colleagues” [AP-65]	* d720 Complex interpersonal interactions * d750 Informal social relationships
	SOCIALIZING ON MY OWN TERMS	Normalization of social distancing (N = 6)	“Maybe not tomorrow or the day after tomorrow, change plans and stuff like that cause I don’t have the energy. But now I haven’t had to explain myself all the time. Instead no one has asked and I haven’t explained” [AP-12] “I have tried to use the COVID-epidemic to explain to others what my everyday life usually looks like” [AP-35] “We usually make jokes about it and say that it will be this family that thinks that this has been good. We are already experts on this social distancing. So we haven’t had any problems with that part” [PP-07]	e420 Individual attitudes of friends e460 Societal attitudes ** e425 Individual attitudes of acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbors and community members
		Fewer demanding social contexts (N = 16)	“Now that I don’t, now when I haven’t been in school I haven’t for instance travelled by public transport, I haven’t spent time with people. And then I’ve gotten a bit more energy” [YP-78] “I probably had some difficult relationships in school before all this so this was a good opportunity to kind of a bit naturally drift away from them, so that was actually kind of nice” [YP-69] “Because the positive is that you don’t have to travel and stuff like that. That you have been able to do a lot digitally instead, for example work and stuff like that” [AP-06] “I think it’s been pretty nice. I don’t want any close contact with people. I don’t like talking to other people unless I have a reason to” [AP-35] “That you don’t have to be at work and spend a lot of ineffective hours at work to have breaks with others and you’re supposed to socialize and talk, which I don’t like. But you have to if you want to keep your job” [PP-70]	b122 Global psychosocial functions * b130 Energy and drive functions b265 Touch function d240 Handling stress and other psychological demands * d720 Complex interpersonal interactions d730 Relating with strangers d740 Formal relationships * d750 Informal social relationships * d770 Intimate relationships d820 School education d850 Remunerative employment * d920 Recreation and leisure
		Online socializing can fill my social needs (N = 16)	“Before I could meet them physically, which I haven’t done as much now. I have been able to video-talk and stuff with them and stuff, still have conversations. And that allows me to have much more energy to actually talk to them” [YP-08] “It’s been pretty nice that you can finish when you get tired. You don’t have to wait until the other person goes home or anything like that” [YP-78]. “I kind of think it doesn’t matter. As long as it’s fun” [YP-76] “before we saw each other, or we have not known each other that long but now it’s only telephone calls. But that feels good. Because it’s important to me as it were” [AP-01]	* d360 Using communication devices and techniques * b122 Global psychosocial functions
		In-person socializing with family and relatives (N = 10)	“like, it has worked. But then before the Corona pandemic started I was on sick leave due to depression. And that was very difficult. But then we did, but she [mother] came and saw me anyway because it kind of was needed because sometimes I feel so bad I can’t be on my own” [AP-33] “But she herself said to me, wow wow I forgot how to small-talk. That’s great I said, then you can practise a bit on my mother then, that came” [PP-09-10] “Grand-father used to come to our home here outside and into the garden and say hi through the window. So we started a little game, garden cafe. So they got to come by and got a coffee through the window and that kind of stuff” [PP-70]	* d920 Recreation and leisure e310 Immediate family e315 Extended family
PARTICIPATION IN SOCIETY	RESTRICTED PARTICIPATION	When others implement restrictions my participation becomes limited (N = 11)	“he absolutely cannot be outside if it’s windy, and the sun is too hot and stuff like that, so then the weather has to be pretty perfect if it feels ok enough for him to go outside you know” [PP-02] “So that sometimes it was Wednesday, then it was on a Tuesday, then there was another practice and then they were practicing together with another group and then they were going to be outside, then inside, then it was going to be on a Wednesday, yeah” [PP-07] “He and I have been bathing quite a bit from the pier. But then it got crazy hot, then this carer got here and she has done that with him. Then it got crazy hot and it got really crowded. So he couldn’t go bathing with him anymore” [PP-13] “if you maybe usually go to a forest every week then sometimes there have been so many people so you have had to skip it, and maybe go to places further away or adapt in some other way” [AP-05] “Because it is embarrassing. It feels so associated with so much guilt in some way and as soon as you cough, someone is looking at you. I can’t really deal with that” [PP-70]	* b270 Sensory functions related to temperature and other stimuli * d750 Informal social relationships e320 Friends * b125 Dispositions and intra-personal functions * d220 Undertaking multiple tasks * d230 Carrying out daily routine * d920 Recreation and leisure d730 Relating with strangers b160 Thought functions * d570 Looking after one’s health *** b210 Seeing functions
	PARTICIPATION WAS MADE POSSIBLE	In-person continued participation in recreational activities (N = 3)	“I feel like it’s necessary for my health in some way. Cause I think I would almost go crazy if I couldn’t” [AP-01] “he was signed up for a climbing course. And they hadn’t cancelled that and we actually went to it. Cause when I spoke to the trainer everyone had cancelled their participation except for our son” [PP-13]	* d570 Looking after one’s health * d920 Recreation and leisure
		Online alternatives can allow participation in recreational activities (N = 6)	“Yeah, we had some online-practices that were easiest to attend; it wasn’t like you had to get ready for like an hour beforehand” [YP-08] “when they had online-practices she was able to attend anyway. I thought that worked relatively well. And it was a bit exciting because her trainer was quarantining in [another country]” [PP-07]	* d920 Recreation and leisure * e125 Products and technology for communication * d910 Community life
ESTABLISHING CIRCUMSTANCES WHEN MOVING ONLINE	NEGATIVE EXPERIENCES	Lack of understanding and adequate support (N = 9)	“I think we got the e-mail on the evening of the Wednesday, that it [assistance participating in daily activities] would be closing down from Monday…since it was remote-learning I had been studying at the [assistance participating in daily activities] ” [AP-04] “I remembered, there was another small change, or a pretty major change in all this, [child’s name]’s favourite teacher suddenly went on sick leave from school” [PP-77] “The whole thing in this situation got, it was brought to its head now that COVID came along. Because suddenly when all the typical kids or whatever you say, that have no diagnoses, when they suddenly were at home, support was somehow arranged for how you can handle it when kids aren’t really coming to school. For [child’s name] couldn’t come to school alone before COVID because he was too afraid and refused to go if none of us [parents] came along” [PP-67]	e130 Products and technology for education e330 People in positions of authority e525 Housing services, systems, and policies e590 Labor and employment services, systems, and policies * d820 School education e360 Other professionals e430 Individual attitudes of people in positions of authority
	POSITIVE RELATIONSHIPS AND COMMUNICATION	Trust in staff (N = 7)	“So I’ve had good teachers and stuff. But I’ve still had a hard time. And they have understood that. But I still want to celebrate my teachers because they have been awesome at this” [YP-73]	* d820 School education d850 Remunerative employment e330 People in positions of authority e360 Other professionals
		I felt prepared as we transitioned (N = 10)	“There were clear routines for how to do it too pretty early. There were weekly updates from the company board regarding how we should try to relate to things” [YP-73] “since like all at that school has autism the teachers get a lot. They have a lot of experience and understand how we work. So it has been easier to adjust from that and, yeah, general understanding… They give us information in time, they, I know they think a lot about that” [YP-78] “So, well the usual then, since it was remote-learning from the beginning it, well, continued to be remote in all sort of courses and high school and then stuff started to do remote learning. So, there wasn’t any changes and stuff” [AP-04]	d850 Remunerative employment e330 People in positions of authority b152 Emotional functions * d230 Carrying out daily routine * d820 School education * d830 Higher education * e125 Products and technology for communication e360 Other professionals
LEARNING AND WORKING ON SITE	LEARNING AND WORKING BECAME HARDER	In-person routine changes fail to attend to individual needs (N = 11)	“And he has thought that it’s been really hard that, for instance, we have to leave and pick him up outside of the pre-school all of a sudden. That has been a really hard change. And it’s a lot of those kind of things I primarily haven’t been able to kind of control” [PP-02] “It might have been a bit inflexible there, initially” [PP-74] “Those that have come back, including me, had to work double after. So no, I can’t say that. Nothing positive, the opposite. More stress I would say” [AP-12]	* d850 Remunerative employment e325 Acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbors, and community members b152 Emotional functions * d230 Carrying out daily routine d240 Handling stress and other psychological demands * d820 School education e325 Acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbors, and community members e360 Other professionals
	LEARNING AND WORKING WAS FACILITATED	Did more of what I’m good at (N = 3)	“Because of that they know that I am, it is part of my autism-superpower kind of that I am skilled at administrative work. So, I’ve gotten more hours of that. Which has been very nice anyway. Because then my income isn’t zero” [AP-06]	d850 Remunerative employment e325 Acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbors, and community members
		In-person routine changes target individual needs (N = 4)	“No but we were sitting at the same seats as… But those that were kind of sick got to sit and like wait on Google Meet. And there’s a teacher that show what they were supposed to do. In school” [YP-76] “And I think that, that the group of children has gotten smaller [due to illness at kindergarten] has made things easier for him socially and not made him so tired and exhausted” [PP-02] “before they only went outdoors during the lunch break that is a bit longer, now they go outdoors during all of the breaks. But he likes to go outside so I think he thinks it’s nice. And outside the volume is a bit lower and he can keep to himself if he wants to” [PP-66]	* d820 School education e360 Other professionals
MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF REMOTE LEARNING AND WORKING	SPECIFIC BARRIERS OF REMOTE LEARNING	Remote learning prevented targeted support (N = 6)	“You could say that is one negative thing about school since the lessons often goes a bit long and the next lesson starts almost a few minutes early. So there is no break at all between” [PP-07] “They haven’t been able to give, provide adequate support either to be able to structure the school day for [child’s name]. And been able to have the kind of follow-up that might have been needed to push in the right direction on the right stuff” [PP-09-10]	* d220 Undertaking multiple tasks * d230 Carrying out daily routine * d360 Using communication devices and techniques * d820 School education e325 Acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbors, and community members e360 Other professionals
		Remote learning and working challenge communication (N = 9)	“Sometimes their microphones isn’t working or it’s lagging, it’s hard to kind of have the time to do everything or say what to do when the microphone is off” [YP-11] “it’s a bit harder to get feedback I guess. The teacher can’t see your face so it gets harder for them to interpret what you want or feel and things like that. And many, especially at my school, and me, have some difficulties asking for help and formulating what you need help with” [YP-78]	b164 Higher level cognitive functions * d210 Undertaking a single task * d310 Communicating with—receiving—spoken messages * d335 Producing nonverbal messages * d360 Using communication devices and techniques * d820 School education d850 Remunerative employment * e125 Products and technology for communication e360 Other professionals ** d345 Writing message
		Remote learning increase demands in self-management (N = 17)	“It’s been harder to motivate myself for school because the boundary between spare time and school has been a bit erased” [YP-08] “When COVID-19 hit everything was upended. All physical meetings were cancelled. Now everything had to be managed online and I was overwhelmed with course material/online-seminars and similar” [AP-14] “That is one of the largest difficulties for her. To manage things on her own. Planning and structuring her own work and finish” [PP-09-10] “I feel insufficient when I see that there is still this much to finish in my e-mail inbox and I have only this many hours to work. I have to finish now. It is really hard for me to just wrap up and leave unfinish” [PP-70]	* b164 Higher level cognitive functions * b140 Attention functions * d160 Focusing attention e330 People in positions of authority d330 Speaking
		Distractions while working and studying from home (N = 5)	“Hard, because you can’t sit where you usually sit for instance, I usually sit in the kitchen, then my siblings are running around and disturb me. They run around and shout and play” [YP-11]	* b140 Attention functions d160 Focusing attention d161 Directing attention * d720 Complex interpersonal interactions * d820 School education d850 Remunerative employment *** b230 Hearing functions
		Can’t follow my study plan (N = 5)	“It hasn’t gone so great, I’ve had to remove several subjects but now I will re-do first year at high school because I wasn’t able to finish what I had to” [YP-11]	d820 School education * d360 Using communication devices and techniques * d315 Communicating with—receiving—nonverbal messages * b130 Energy and drive functions * b140 Attention functions * d160 Focusing attention e330 People in positions of authority
	SPECIFIC FACILITATORS OF REMOTE LEARNING AND WORKING	Regular check-ins (N = 9)	“And the teachers have been, but always, very often surveys to see how we’re doing. And then said that if you have any questions or anything to just keep in touch” [YP-73] “It is the first time that ever that I have seen a detailed plan saying that this is what you’re supposed to do” [PP-67] “Information-flows, clear and clear structure. Generally, they have handled it very well from school” [PP-77]	d240 Handling stress and other psychological demands * d360 Using communication devices and techniques d740 Formal relationships * d820 School education e360 Other professionals
		Studying is more efficient from home (N = 7)	“It’s not as effortful, so it’s easier to ask the teachers questions” [YP-08] “Yes, he has been able to add a subject and remove another this year” [PP-77]	* b130 Energy and drive functions * b152 Emotional functions * d360 Using communication devices and techniques d330 Speaking d132 Acquiring information * e250 Sound e310 Immediate family
PARENTAL RESOURCES DURING COVID-19	ADDED STRESSORS	Communicative challenges between school and parents (N = 4)	“What we’ve had to do is to is to try to have communication with the pedagogues at, the special education pedagogues, teachers and principals and stuff at school to an extent. But they have had very little capacity too” [PP-09-10] “And gotten some confirmation if everyone in the team that helps with his needs but may not be his ordinary teachers, are aware of the extra support he gets and stuff ” [PP-66]	* d820 School education e330 People in positions of authority e360 Other professionals
		Added pedagogical responsibilities (N = 4)	“it’s been ok over that period but it has been full focus on that, it hasn’t been like I’ve been able to work during that time, those days, or study” [PP-03] “Since she needs special support a certain competence is needed that you may not have as a parent, I think” [PP-09-10]	* b140 Attention functions d760 Family relationships * d820 School education * e125 Products and technology for communication * e130 Products and technology for education e310 Immediate family e330 People in positions of authority e360 Other professionals
		Remind and deal with new routines (N = 15)	“But now, considering that they have to be outside I have to force him [to change clothes] motivate him for it and have that struggle with him. And it has been really difficult for him to adjust” [PP-02] “But it’s a bit like you have that pressure that you have a child out there after all that needs support and social contact. When you will, I don’t really have time to for that if I do what I should for my workday…She has selective eating as well. It’s like you sit and then, if I go out to prepare lunch I can’t only make lunch for myself. Then I have to prepare something for her as well” [PP-09-10] “Right now I sit for an hour. But then usually my kids get bored and then it’s a struggle anyway. But I just try to manage. But it’s hard. I’ve been on sick leave half time for a period […] I have an anxiety disorder that has become much harder because of COVID” [PP-67]	* b152 Emotional functions * b164 Higher level cognitive functions * d230 Carrying out daily routine * d630 Preparing meals * e310 Immediate family
	REDUCED STRESSORS	Fewer everyday routines (N = 5)	“Kind of, that it’s a, the mornings used to consist of 20 activities and now they consist of three. It’s amazing. I hope that may stick around even after COVID” [PP-67] “Also the ability, you have gotten much more strength and energy to do things with the family since you don’t commute but then you might rather do fun things together instead” [PP-75]	* b130 Energy and drive functions b164 Higher level cognitive functions d230 Carrying out daily routine d760 Family relationships * d820 School education d850 Remunerative employment e310 Immediate family
THOUGHTS ABOUT THE FUTURE	ANXIETY	Worried about the future of my society (N = 4)	“it’s an enormous economic hit to society. And we already see the tendencies how you save a lot particularly on people with neuropsychiatric disorders unfortunately” [PP-13]	e570 Social security services, systems, and policies e580 Health services, systems, and policies ** e565 Economic services, systems and policies *** e545 Civil protection services, systems and policies
		Worried about my future (N = 24)	“I worry a bit about if I will feel worse and if it will be a bigger shock to return to school” [YP-08] “So that’s a thing that I think about that I worry a bit about going back to how it was before. That I will take on too much. Then not have any energy left” [YP-78] “That my spot or whatever you want to call it, will be outrivalled by patients with COVID-19 that have PTSD” [AP-12] “And it’s like, if the world economy does not work then my economy won’t work that well either. So that’s probably what I’m most worried about” [AP-33] “It gets harder to meet new people and participate in social activities when I’ve stayed away a longer period of time” [AP-14] “on the way to adulthood, that is on the boundary now between finishing her studies in a few years and go into adulthood. Where it’s been clear that it’s partly delayed because of COVID-19 when she has to re-do a year” [PP-09-10]	* b130 Energy and drive functions b152 Emotional functions b160 Thought functions * d230 Carrying out daily routine d240 Handling stress and other psychological demands d910 Community life e570 Social security services, systems, and policies e580 Health services, systems, and policies ** e565 Economic services, systems and policies
	OPTIMISM	Lessons in society in general (N = 15)	“That people learn how to deal with this in the future if it happens again. That you kind of can have things at home in advance, so you don’t start hoarding when everyone really needs it. And how you take care of yourself and others” [YP-11] “After Corona…Well, to be able to hug again, I hope” [AP-01]	* d750 Informal social relationships d850 Remunerative employment d920 Recreation and leisure e580 Health services, systems, and policies *** e545 Civil protection services, systems and policies ** e298 Natural environment and human-made changes to environment, other specified e315 Extended family e320 Friends
		Digital options (N = 5)	“maybe you kind of want to keep video-calls later too when it gets more normal” [AP-04] “So I think that’s been pretty nice, that I have proved that this works. And that you hopefully can keep some of these elements when we go back to some kind of normal again. That you maybe can have that a few times, that this I can do digitally” [AP-06] “And I actually think that this is something that all of society has learnt. I think that should be utilized. Both like in school, teachers has gotten a crash course in digital education instead” [PP-07]	* e125 Products and technology for communication * d360 Using communication devices and techniques d850 Remunerative employment d920 Recreation and leisure
		Developed school platforms (N = 7)	“The only thing I guess I am happy about is as a teacher that it has been highlighted how important school and education is in different ways. I guess that’s it, as I said, as I mentioned previously what function school fills that have different functions” [PP-03] “if it happens again or if this gets drawn out. You wish that schools got more support. I think there are many lessons where you could make this easier for all involved.” [PP-71]	* e125 Products and technology for communication * d360 Using communication devices and techniques * d820 School education e360 Other professionals
		Lessons about myself (N = 2)	“But I realise too how stressed I become from demands when I can’t really del with them. That’s been a pretty good insight” [AP-12]	* d240 Handling stress and other psychological demands * d220 Undertaking multiple tasks
DAILY LIFE AT HOME	INCREASING PRESSURE	When you lose outside structure days become more challenging/stressful (N = 11)	“it’s not really that voluntary to not participate in activities because for me it has felt like the advantages of maintaining routines would have been bigger” [PP-02] “You made up little chores. Like household- or garden work that he had to solve. That way he kept busy” [PP-13] “But structure from the outside and structure that I create myself. And when you lose what is outside it becomes a bit harder” [YP-78]	* b134 Sleep functions d160 Focusing attention * d210 Undertaking a single task * d230 Carrying out daily routine * d920 Recreation and leisure * b164 Higher level cognitive functions * b130 Energy and drive functions
		Strained familial relationships (N = 16)	“You know, it’s wearying, it is. You are on each other all the time. Both have a need for alone time of course. Yeah, there is not much of that. You can go for a walk but then” [AP-12] “A “regular” living situation throughout the spring. Then it was really over the last week we decided to get a divorce” [AP-65] “Then communication gets very limited and he gets very squared. Then I raised my hand and he spinning metal, this medal, metal towards me and my finger broke” [PP-13]	b122 Global psychosocial functions * b125 Dispositions and intra-personal functions * b126 Temperament and personality functions * b152 Emotional functions * b164 Higher level cognitive functions * d710 Basic interpersonal interactions * d720 Complex interpersonal interactions * d760 Family relationships * d770 Intimate relationships
		Generally dissatisfied with routines (N = 4)	“My sleeping has always been pretty bad and it still is” [AP-12]	* b134 Sleep functions * d630 Preparing meals * d230 Carrying out daily routine
	RELEASE AND SUPPORT	Release of everyday demands (N = 11)	“First of all, you don’t have to go to school. And more than that you didn’t have to prepare as much, pack your bag and stuff. You could kind of have your lessons in you pyjamas if you wanted to, it sort of didn’t matter. Then I could wake up later. Which was nice” [YP-78] “I think stuff like my sleep that it’s worked better because my schedule has been marginally reduced and I can do it” [AP-06] “Well, since she doesn’t get all that, impressions at school, and have to socialize with lots of group-work and talk to people and sounds everywhere. Then she’s been much more alert, then she has energy to socialize with others” [PP-07]	* d210 Undertaking a single task * d220 Undertaking multiple tasks * d230 Carrying out daily routine * d820 School education d850 Remunerative employment d920 Recreation and leisure
		Stronger family connections (N = 15)	“Yeah. It’s, really it’s, we have been able to see each other more. Since he [brother] is not with his friends at the moment but he’s here. So it’s pretty cool and fun that he is here” [YP-72] “And it’s been so great to be a part of and contribute to that and feel like I’ve sat and talked to my daughter about all sorts of things” [AP-65] “Within the family it’s actually only been positive for us. It has gotten us more attached than detached. It’s the opposite, we have gotten it much better” [PP-75]	d760 Family relationships
		Generally satisfied with routines (N = 13)	“Well, I sleep pretty well. Food, hm, is as usual I guess” [YP-72] “So we have pretty established routines. And we largely hold on to them because it usually turns out for the best” [PP-07]	* b130 Energy and drive functions b134 Sleep functions b152 Emotional functions d230 Carrying out daily routine * d570 Looking after one’s health
THOUGHTS ABOUT COVID-19 RESTRICTIONS	DISTRESS	Understanding and implementing restrictions cause distress (N = 19)	“I have to distance to meters even though we live under the same roof. That can be a bit tricky” [AP-01] “But it would never enter my mind to just go and wash my hands, so I never do that. And I really don’t like, you know I don’t like ehm hand sanitizer. So I never use hand sanitizer, sort of how it feels or how it smells, so I never use that” [AP-05] “Everyone can do aerobics but then maybe then you consider that perhaps it’s this particular group that would need it most of all and could continue with the activity” [PP-13] “somebody to hold my hand and say you’re doing it right, this is how you’re supposed to do it or I don’t know. I think it’s difficult. Not be bothered that everyone is doing things differently all the time” [PP-70]	d177 Making decisions * d230 Carrying out daily routine d240 Handling stress and other psychological demands * d570 Looking after one’s health * d920 Recreation and leisure *** e545 Civil protection services, systems and policies e310 Immediate family e320 Friends
		I get upset when other people don’t comply with restrictions (N = 12)	“Well, you know, it’ s like, people are acting like COVID is finished. I don’t know if it’s because they want to feel a safety that things are normal, if it’s routines, I don’t know. But they don’t take it seriously, don’t keep their distance, don’t cough in their armpit” [YP-72] “He’s been incredible frustrated by the way the school has not followed the Public Health Agency’s guidelines and stuff. It has really affected his every day to a large extent” [PP-71]	* b152 Emotional functions * d570 Looking after one’s health *** e545 Civil protection services, systems and policies
	UNDERSTANDING	More aggressive measures would have had a worse effect (N = 12)	“I think this has worked better for me. I’ve tried to imagine what it would be like to have a lockdown 60 days you can’t go outside the door method” [AP-65] “No I think it’s been great to have a choice. I don’t think we would have been able to manage that kind of total limitation there has been in other places” [PP-02] “for us this strategy has worked fine that we get to take own responsibility because we have taken responsibility as much as we have been able to. The of course if we would have isolated more it would have affected us even more” [PP-74]	e580 Health services, systems, and policies *** e545 Civil protection services, systems and policies
		Already observe physical distancing (N = 10)	“I have been on sick leave over soon to be two years, for depression. And then I was already, or because of that and already before I have been more or less self-isolated” [AP-35] “We don’t have kids with many recreational activities and we don’t kind of socialize every weekend with other families with kids and we don’t travel and run around like that. Where there are actually restrictions now” [PP-09-10]	* d720 Complex interpersonal interactions d730 Relating with strangers ** d729 General interpersonal interactions, other specified and unspecified
		Acceptance of restrictions (N = 24)	“Well it’s not positive but you still understood why and that it’s still, well you know, well hopefully that you know its for a limited period kind of like” [AP-04] “So I think that would it continue in the same way through the fall, we would probably be able to handle that so” [PP-03] “But he hasn’t thought it’s been difficult or… he hasn’t expressed any worry regarding Corona or anything like that” [PP-66]	* d230 Carrying out daily routine d240 Handling stress and other psychological demands d250 Managing one’s own behavior * d570 Looking after one’s health *** e545 Civil protection services, systems and policies

N—number of individuals with codes with each separate code. YP—young person; AP—adult person; PP —parent person. […]—clarified by coder; shortened quote; pseudonymized information in the interview transcript. * ICF core set re-coded 3rd or 4th level code. ** ICF not in core sets 2nd level code. *** ICF not in core sets re-coded 3rd or 4th level code.