Table A1.
Characteristics of the 97 studies included in the meta-analysis.
| NO. | Study | Publication Year | Language | Survey Year | Sampling Province | Age (Mean) |
Type of ADL | Sample Size | Female (N, %) |
Rural (N, %) |
Cases of Disability | Rate | Score of Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Huang et al. [27] | 1993 | CH | 1991 * | Sichuan | ≥60 (68.8) | PADL + IADL ** | 1242 | 657 (52.9) | NR | 422 | 33.98 | 6 |
| 2. | Meng et al. [28] | 1996 | CH | 1992 | Beijing | ≥60 | PADL + IADL | 3257 | 1415 (43.44) | NR | 778 | 23.90 | 7 |
| 3. | Tang et al. [29] | 1999 | EN | 1990 | Beijing | ≥60 (71.0) | PADL ** | 3440 | 1733 (50.38) | NR | 629 | 18.28 | 9 |
| 4. | Lv et al. [30] | 2001 | CH | 2000 | Anhui | ≥60 | PADL + IADL | 1424 | NR | NR | 274 | 19.24 | 5 |
| 5a. | Meng et al. [31] | 2002 | CH | 1992 | Beijing | ≥60 (72.3) | PADL | 2783 | NR | NR | 262 | 9.41 | 8 |
| 5b. | Meng et al. [31] | 2002 | CH | 1997 | Beijing | ≥60 (72.0) | PADL | 2786 | NR | NR | 171 | 6.14 | 8 |
| 5c. | Meng et al. [31] | 2002 | CH | 2000 | Beijing | ≥60 (72.9) | PADL | 2667 | NR | NR | 214 | 8.02 | 8 |
| 6. | Wang et al. [32] | 2002 | CH | 2000 | Guangzhou | ≥60 | PADL ** | 1161 | 631 (54.35) | NR | 94 | 8.10 | 7 |
| 7. | Lin et al. [33] | 2002 | CH | 2000 | Beijing | ≥60 | PADL | 895 | NR | NR | 174 | 19.44 | 7 |
| 8. | Ji et al. [34] | 2007 | CH | 2005 * | Jiangsu | ≥60 | PADL + IADL | 337 | NR | NR | 103 | 30.56 | 6 |
| 9. | Yin and Lu [35] | 2007 | EN | 2002 | National | ≥80 | PADL | 8844 | 4938 (55.83) | 4627 (52.3) | 3153 | 35.65 | 10 |
| 10a. | Huang et al. [36] | 2008 | CH | 2006 * | Guizhou | ≥60 (70.2) | PADL | 3221 | 1995 (61.94) | NR | 171 | 5.31 | 7 |
| 10b. | Huang et al. [36] | 2008 | CH | 2006 * | Guizhou | ≥60 (70.2) | IADL | 3221 | 1995 (61.94) | NR | 382 | 11.86 | 7 |
| 11. | Tang et al. [37] | 2009 | CH | 2008 | Hunan | ≥60 | PADL + IADL | 203 | 124 (61.08) | NR | 102 | 50.25 | 7 |
| 12. | Xu et al. [38] | 2011 | CH | 2009 * | Zhejiang | ≥60 (70.0) | PADL + IADL | 753 | 404 (53.65) | 753(100.00) | 129 | 17.13 | 7 |
| 13. | Chen et al. [39] | 2011 | CH | 2010 | Zhejiang | ≥80 (84.8) | PADL ** | 454 | 268 (59.03) | NR | 138 | 30.40 | 9 |
| 14. | Li et al. [40] | 2011 | EN | 2006 | Beijing | ≥60 | PADL + IADL | 1882 | 990 (52.60) | NR | 817 | 43.41 | 5 |
| 15. | Xue et al. [41] | 2011 | CH | 2010 | Shanghai | ≥80 (83.1) | PADL + IADL | 1027 | 140 (13.63) | NR | 674 | 65.63 | 9 |
| 16. | Li et al. [42] | 2012 | CH | 2009 | Shanghai | ≥60 (73.3) | PADL + IADL | 11,338 | 6043 (53.30) | NR | 2013 | 17.75 | 8 |
| 17. | Shi et al. [43] | 2012 | CH | 2011 | Shandong | ≥65 | PADL | 504 | 234 (46.43) | NR | 96 | 19.05 | 8 |
| 18. | Li et al. [44] | 2012 | CH | 2010 * | Ningxia | ≥60 | PADL + IADL ** | 904 | 459 (50.77) | NR | 261 | 28.87 | 7 |
| 19. | Zhang et al. [45] | 2012 | CH | 2010 * | Hebei | ≥60 | PADL + IADL ** | 2161 | NR | NR | 796 | 36.83 | 7 |
| 20. | Yu et al. [46] | 2012 | CH | 2011 | Shanghai | ≥60 | PADL + IADL | 1500 | 842 (56.13) | NR | 589 | 39.27 | 8 |
| 21. | Huang et al. [47] | 2012 | CH | 2008 | Anhui | ≥60 (70.2) | PADL + IADL ** | 1117 | 764 (68.40) | 1117(100.00) | 764 | 68.40 | 8 |
| 22. | Yin et al. [48] | 2012 | CH | 2009 | Zhejiang | ≥60 (71.2) | PADL + IADL ** | 2184 | 1218 (55.77) | 2184(100.00) | 566 | 25.92 | 8 |
| 23. | Zhang and Wei [49] | 2014 | CH | 2013 | Beijing | ≥60 | PADL | 2031 | NR | NR | 200 | 9.85 | 9 |
| 24. | Zhong et al. [50] | 2014 | CH | 2008 | Zhejiang, Gansu | ≥60 | PADL ** | 1157 | 547 (47.28) | 647 (55.92) | 214 | 18.50 | 9 |
| 25. | Yin et al. [51] | 2014 | EN | 2011 | National | ≥80 (92.3) | PADL | 5495 | 3192 (58.09) | NR | 1856 | 33.78 | 9 |
| 26. | Chen et al. [52] | 2015 | CH | 2013* | Fujian | ≥60 (71.5) | PADL | 14,292 | 7404 (51.81) | NR | 610 | 4.27 | 8 |
| 27. | Li et al. [53] | 2015 | CH | 2013* | Ningxia | ≥60 (70.0) | PADL + IADL ** | 817 | 457 (55.94) | NR | 84 | 10.28 | 7 |
| 28. | Li and Yuan [54] | 2015 | CH | 2013 | Shandong | ≥60 | PADL | 416 | 276 (66.19) | 172 (41.25) | 67 | 16.11 | 7 |
| 29. | Zhang et al. [55] | 2015 | CH | 2011 | Chongqing | ≥80 | PADL ** | 227 | 131 (57.71) | NR | 84 | 37.00 | 9 |
| 30. | Zhang et al. [56] | 2016 | EN | 2013 | Shanghai | ≥60 (72.1) | IADL | 8237 | 4473 (53.26) | NR | 1360 | 16.51 | 7 |
| 31. | Gong [57] | 2016 | CH | 2014 | Shanghai | ≥60 | PADL + IADL | 1233 | NR | NR | 226 | 18.33 | 6 |
| 32. | Zhong [58] | 2016 | CH | 2012–2014 | Guangdong | ≥60 | PADL | 1706 | NR | NR | 331 | 19.40 | 7 |
| 33. | Liu et al. [59] | 2016 | EN | 2013 | Beijing | ≥60 (71.4) | PADL | 1036 | 522 (50.40) | NR | 219 | 21.10 | 7 |
| 34. | Peng and Wu [60] | 2016 | CH | 2011 | National | ≥65 | PADL | 9097 | 4918 (54.06) | 4755 (52.27) | 1948 | 21.41 | 10 |
| 35. | Huang et al. [61] | 2016 | CH | 2013–2015 | Zhejiang | ≥60 (73.8) | PADL | 883 | 490 (55.49) | NR | 191 | 21.63 | 8 |
| 36a | Su et al. [62] | 2016 | EN | 2013 | Shanghai | ≥80 | PADL | 2058 | 1191 (57.87) | NR | 478 | 23.23 | 7 |
| 36b. | Su et al. [62] | 2016 | EN | 2013 | Shanghai | ≥80 | IADL | 2058 | 1191 (57.87) | NR | 780 | 37.90 | 7 |
| 37. | Yue and Liu [63] | 2016 | CH | 2011 | National | ≥65 | PADL | 5118 | 2861 (55.90) | NR | 1214 | 23.72 | 10 |
| 38. | Chen et al. [64] | 2016 | CH | 2014 | Shanghai | ≥60 (74.2) | PADL + IADL | 3556 | 2114 (59.45) | NR | 879 | 24.72 | 8 |
| 39. | Yi et al. [65] | 2016 | CH | 2013 | Hubei | ≥65 (73.3) | PADL + IADL ** | 4002 | 2058 (51.42) | 4002(100.00) | 1375 | 34.36 | 8 |
| 40. | Zhang et al. [66] | 2016 | CH | 2014* | Hebei | ≥60 (68.7) | PADL + IADL ** | 2548 | 1322 (51.88) | 1350 (52.98) | 1076 | 42.23 | 7 |
| 41. | Zhai et al. [67] | 2016 | CH | 2011 | Shandong | ≥65 | PADL + IADL | 1355 | 706 (52.10) | 729 (53.80) | 921 | 67.97 | 10 |
| 42. | Luo et al. [68] | 2016 | CH | 2011 | Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangsu | ≥65 | PADL ** | 2227 | 1227 (55.10) | NR | 553 | 24.83 | 10 |
| 43. | Dong et al. [5] | 2017 | EN | 2011 | Shanghai | ≥60 (71.6) | PADL | 1997 | 1153 (57.74) | NR | 37 | 1.85 | 6 |
| 44a. | Zhang et al. [69] | 2017 | EN | 2005–2014 | National | ≥65 (72.0) | PADL | 26,604 | 13,515 (50.80) | 16,022 (60.22) | 1862 | 7.00 | 9 |
| 44b. | Zhang et al. [69] | 2017 | EN | 2005–2014 | National | ≥65 (72.0) | IADL | 26,604 | 13,515 (50.80) | 16,022 (60.22) | 8513 | 32.00 | 9 |
| 45. | Zhou and Ma [70] | 2017 | CH | 2013 | National | ≥60 (68.9) | PADL | 7629 | 3988 (52.27) | 7629 (100.00) | 668 | 8.76 | 9 |
| 46. | Ding and Wang [71] | 2017 | CH | 2014 | National | 60–79 (67.7) | PADL + IADL | 6959 | 3549 (50.99) | 3897 (56.00) | 1038 | 14.92 | 9 |
| 47. | Jin [72] | 2017 | CH | 2011 | National | ≥60 | PADL ** | 9765 | NR | NR | 2084 | 21.34 | 9 |
| 48. | Li et al. [73] | 2017 | CH | 2013 | Anhui | ≥60 (72.3) | PADL + IADL ** | 746 | 438 (58.71) | NR | 211 | 28.28 | 9 |
| 49. | Hao et al. [74] | 2017 | EN | 2016 | Beijing | ≥60 | PADL + IADL | 1083 | 543 (50.14) | NR | 347 | 32.04 | 8 |
| 50. | Liu et al. [75] | 2017 | CH | 2016 | Shandong | ≥65 | PADL ** | 1196 | NR | NR | 404 | 33.78 | 8 |
| 51. | Wang et al. [76] | 2017 | CH | 2015* | Hebei | ≥60 (75.5) | PADL + IADL ** | 724 | 378 (52.20) | NR | 309 | 42.68 | 6 |
| 52a. | Hu et al. [77] | 2017 | CH | 2014 | National | ≥65 (66.4) | PADL ** | 6168 | 2813 (45.61) | NR | 1517 | 24.59 | 8 |
| 52b. | Hu et al. [77] | 2017 | CH | 2014 | National | ≥65 (66.4) | IADL ** | 6168 | NR | NR | 3864 | 62.65 | 8 |
| 53. | Wu et al. [78] | 2017 | EN | 2010 | Chongqing | ≥100 | PADL | 564 | 471 (83.51) | 564 (100.00) | 370 | 65.60 | 9 |
| 54. | Yang et al. [79] | 2018 | EN | 2015–2016 | Hubei | ≥65 (72.6) | PADL ** | 2096 | 1065 (50.81) | NR | 149 | 7.11 | 8 |
| 55. | Liu et al. [80] | 2018 | CH | 2013 | National | ≥60 | PADL ** | 8751 | NR | NR | 842 | 9.62 | 8 |
| 56. | Ding and Yan [81] | 2018 | CH | 2011 | National | ≥60 | PADL | 7626 | 3801 (49.84) | 5765 (75.60) | 845 | 11.08 | 8 |
| 57a. | Chen et al. [82] | 2018 | EN | 2016–2017 | Guangxi | ≥60 | PADL | 2300 | 1350 (58.70) | NR | 266 | 11.57 | 7 |
| 57b. | Chen et al. [82] | 2018 | EN | 2016–2017 | Guangxi | ≥60 | IADL | 2300 | 1350 (58.70) | NR | 976 | 42.43 | 7 |
| 57c. | Chen et al. [82] | 2018 | EN | 2016–2017 | Guangxi | ≥60 | PADL + IADL | 2300 | 1350 (58.70) | NR | 998 | 43.39 | 7 |
| 58. | Zhai et al. [83] | 2018 | CH | 2016* | Shanghai | ≥60 | PADL + IADL | 4003 | 2257 (56.38) | NR | 473 | 11.82 | 7 |
| 59. | Liu et al. [84] | 2018 | CH | 2010–2014 | Beijing | ≥60 (70.3) | PADL | 4499 | 2684 (59.66) | 2397 (53.28) | 544 | 12.10 | 8 |
| 60. | Xu et al. [85] | 2018 | CH | 2016 | Sichuan | ≥60 | PADL | 890 | 577 (64.83) | NR | 119 | 13.37 | 9 |
| 61. | Wu et al. [86] | 2018 | CH | 2016* | Beijing | ≥60 | PADL + IADL | 1158 | 713 (61.57) | NR | 220 | 19.00 | 8 |
| 62. | Fu et al. [87] | 2018 | EN | 2014 | Hubei | ≥65 (74.3) | PADL + IADL | 1210 | 672 (55.54) | NR | 249 | 20.58 | 7 |
| 63. | Liu et al. [88] | 2018 | EN | 2016* | Hubei | ≥65 | PADL + IADL | 622 | 358 (57.56) | NR | 179 | 28.78 | 6 |
| 64. | Gu and Feng [89] | 2018 | EN | 2000–2009 | National | ≥65 (88.1) | PADL ** | 32,281 | 18,914 (58.59) | NR | 9361 | 29.00 | 9 |
| 65a. | Hou et al. [90] | 2018 | EN | 1998 | National | ≥80 (92.0) | PADL | 8768 | 5240 (59.76) | 5455 (62.21) | 3236 | 36.91 | 10 |
| 65b. | Hou et al. [90] | 2018 | EN | 2000 | National | ≥80 (91.1) | PADL | 10,940 | 6356 (58.10) | 4181 (38.22) | 3805 | 34.78 | 10 |
| 65c. | Hou et al. [90] | 2018 | EN | 2002 | National | ≥80 (92.3) | PADL | 10,905 | 6579 (60.33) | 5785 (53.05) | 4414 | 40.48 | 10 |
| 65d. | Hou et al. [90] | 2018 | EN | 2005 | National | ≥80 (92.5) | PADL | 10,393 | 6260 (60.23) | 5723 (55.07) | 3516 | 33.83 | 10 |
| 65e. | Hou et al. [90] | 2018 | EN | 2008 | National | ≥80 (92.4) | PADL | 11,658 | 7074 (60.68) | 7016 (60.18) | 3318 | 28.46 | 10 |
| 66. | Bai et al. [91] | 2018 | CH | 2013 | Hebei | ≥60 | PADL + IADL | 1374 | 785 (57.13) | NR | 584 | 42.50 | 7 |
| 67. | Gong et al. [92] | 2018 | EN | 2016* | Anhui | ≥60 (70.7) | PADL + IADL | 3182 | 1862 (58.52) | 3182 (100.00) | 1942 | 61.03 | 6 |
| 68. | Dong et al. [93] | 2018 | EN | 2014 | Anhui | ≥60 | PADL + IADL | 945 | 580 (61.38) | 945 (100.00) | 599 | 63.39 | 9 |
| 69a. | Zhang et al. [94] | 2019 | CH | 2015 | Beijing, Shanghai, Hebei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi | ≥60 | PADL | 23,803 | 13,234 (55.60) | 11,029 (46.33) | 500 | 2.10 | 9 |
| 69b. | Zhang et al. [94] | 2019 | CH | 2015 | Beijing, Shanghai, Hebei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi | ≥60 | IADL | 23,803 | 13,234 (55.60) | 11,029 (46.33) | 4570 | 19.20 | 9 |
| 79. | Li et al. [95] | 2019 | CH | 2015 | Fujian | ≥60 | PADL ** | 5174 | 2716 (52.49) | NR | 280 | 5.41 | 9 |
| 71. | Liu et al. [96] | 2019 | CH | 2016–2017 | Hebei | ≥60 | PADL + IADL | 3125 | 1670 (53.44) | NR | 324 | 10.37 | 8 |
| 72. | Fu et al. [97] | 2019 | CH | 2017 * | Sichuan | ≥60 | PADL ** | 1000 | 562 (56.20) | NR | 158 | 15.80 | 7 |
| 73. | Chen et al. [98] | 2019 | EN | 2016 | Jiangsu | ≥60 | PADL | 2493 | 1314 (52.71) | 1584 (63.54) | 402 | 16.13 | 7 |
| 74. | Chen et al. [99] | 2019 | EN | 2014 | National | ≥80 | PADL | 4076 | 2308 (56.62) | 2259 (55.42) | 1083 | 26.57 | 9 |
| 75. | Xu et al. [100] | 2019 | CH | 2017 | Hunan | ≥60 | PADL + IADL ** | 194 | NR | 194 (100.00) | 55 | 28.35 | 8 |
| 76. | Bai et al. [101] | 2019 | CH | 2016–2017 | Hebei | ≥60 | PADL + IADL ** | 6171 | 3024 (49.00) | NR | 2489 | 40.33 | 9 |
| 77. | Ma et al. [102] | 2019 | CH | 2016–2017 | Hebei | ≥60 | PADL + IADL ** | 6171 | NR | NR | 2489 | 40.33 | 8 |
| 78. | Zhao et al. [103] | 2019 | CH | 2017 * | Hebei | ≥60 (75.5) | PADL + IADL | 724 | NR | NR | 309 | 42.68 | 7 |
| 79. | Yao et al. [6] | 2019 | CH | 2014–2016 | Hainan | ≥100 (102.8) | PADL | 940 | 765 (81.38) | NR | 670 | 71.28 | 9 |
| 80. | Chen et al. [104] | 2020 | CH | 2015 | National | ≥60 | PADL | 4485 | 2422 (54.00) | NR | 297 | 6.62 | 9 |
| 81. | Ning et al. [105] | 2020 | CH | 2018 | Shandong | ≥60 (69.9) | PADL | 3349 | 1715 (51.21) | NR | 229 | 6.84 | 9 |
| 82. | Xu et al. [106] | 2020 | CH | 2018 * | Hainan | ≥60 | PADL ** | 365 | 213 (58.36) | 221 (60.55) | 29 | 7.95 | 8 |
| 83. | Gu et al. [107] | 2020 | CH | 2018 | Jiangsu | ≥60 (69.4) | PADL | 3259 | 1644 (50.44) | 1544 (47.38) | 344 | 10.56 | 9 |
| 84. | Peng et al. [108] | 2020 | EN | 2018 | Guangdong | ≥60 (71.6) | PADL | 1321 | NR | NR | 160 | 12.11 | 8 |
| 85. | Xu et al. [20] | 2020 | EN | 2018 | Ningxia | ≥60 (70.5) | PADL | 1040 | 513 (49.33) | NR | 179 | 17.21 | 8 |
| 86. | Zhang et al. [109] | 2020 | CH | 2018* | Henan | ≥60 (70.9) | PADL | 5570 | 2825 (50.72) | 4074 (73.14) | 1139 | 20.45 | 6 |
| 87. | Cai et al. [110] | 2020 | CH | 2015 | Yunnan | ≥60 (70.9) | PADL + IADL | 3978 | 2213 (55.63) | 2000 (50.28) | 1017 | 25.57 | 9 |
| 88. | Song et al. [111] | 2020 | CH | 2014 | Shandong | ≥65 | PADL ** | 559 | 254 (45.44) | 312 (55.81) | 143 | 25.58 | 9 |
| 89. | Liu et al. [112] | 2020 | CH | 2015–2018 | Guangdong | ≥60 (74.3) | PADL + IADL ** | 221 | 104 (47.06) | NR | 58 | 26.24 | 9 |
| 90. | Du et al. [113] | 2020 | CH | 2016 | Anhui | ≥60 (71.7) | PADL | 983 | 527 (53.61) | NR | 312 | 31.74 | 10 |
| 91. | Zhang et al. [114] | 2020 | CH | 2016 | Chongqing | ≥65 | PADL + IADL ** | 1341 | 609 (45.41) | NR | 596 | 44.44 | 8 |
| 92. | Lin et al. [115] | 2020 | CH | 2018 * | Yunnan | ≥60 (76.7) | PADL | 182 | 118 (64.84) | NR | 96 | 52.75 | 8 |
| 93. | Xiao et al. [116] | 2021 | EN | 2018 | Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Xinjiang | ≥60 (69.4) | PADL | 3770 | NR | NR | 488 | 12.94 | 8 |
| 94. | Cheng and Yan [117] | 2021 | EN | 1998–2014 | National | ≥80 | PADL | 30,317 | 17,663 (58.26) | NR | 4884 | 16.11 | 10 |
| 95. | Gao et al. [118] | 2021 | CH | 2017 | Shandong | ≥60 (69.8) | PADL + IADL | 7070 | 4224 (59.75) | NR | 1603 | 22.67 | 9 |
| 96. | Chen et al. [119] | 2021 | CH | 2014 | National | ≥60 (70.5) | PADL | 6182 | 3305 (53.46) | 3337 (53.98) | 1517 | 24.54 | 9 |
| 97. | Yan et al. [120] | 2021 | CH | 2018 | National | ≥65 (85.6) | PADL | 15,771 | 8902 (56.45) | NR | 4196 | 26.61 | 10 |
* Survey year is the year the data were collected; if the survey year was not reported, the data was computed by subtracting two from the year of publication; ** Some studies did not indicate the source of the scale. We determined by the items and calculation methods used; CH = Chinese; EN = English; NR = not reported.