Table 2.
Participant characteristics according to metabolic syndrome and sex.
| Variables | Males | Females | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MetS (n = 1309) |
Non-MetS (n = 2318) |
p | MetS (n = 1899) |
Non-MetS (n = 2837) |
p | |
| Age (y) | 60.38 ± 0.26 | 60.94 ± 0.22 | 0.097 | 64.47 ± 0.28 | 60.43 ± 0.21 | <0.0001 |
| Sarcopenia, n (%) | 331 (22.0) | 350 (13.4) | <0.0001 | 527 (27.3) | 424 (14.7) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 25.37 ± 0.10 | 22.93 ± 0.08 | <0.0001 | 25.80 ± 0.10 | 23.23 ± 0.06 | <0.0001 |
| <18.5 (underweight), n (%) | 9 (0.6) | 119 (4.5) | 12 (0.7) | 109 (3.6) | ||
| <25 (normal-weight), n (%) | 581 (43.1) | 1747 (74.1) | 759 (40.9) | 2070 (72.6) | ||
| ≥25 (overweight), n (%) | 719 (56.3) | 452 (21.4) | 1128 (58.4) | 658 (23.8) | ||
| Smoking status, (%) (current-/ex-/non-smoker) |
61.2/23.7/15.1 | 58.8/25.4/15.9 | 0.463 | 7.7/1.8/90.5 | 6.6/1.8/91.6 | 0.528 |
| Drinking status (%) (current-/non-drinking) |
71.6/28.4 | 69.7/30.3 | 0.344 | 23.0/77.0 | 30.2/69.8 | <0.0001 |
| Marital status, (%) (living with spouse) |
90.9 | 92.7 | 0.085 | 60.4 | 71.9 | <0.0001 |
| Income (individual) | ||||||
| Q1 (lowest) Q2 Q3 Q4 (highest) |
24.6 25.0 23.8 26.6 |
24.1 26.3 24.7 24.9 |
0.733 | 26.6 26.6 24.3 22.6 |
23.6 23.7 27.2 25.5 |
0.014 |
| Height (cm) | 167.63 ± 0.212 | 166.79 ± 0.16 | 0.002 | 153.30 ± 0.18 | 153,98 ± 0.15 | 0.003 |
| Weight (kg) | 71.39 ± 0.35 | 63.89 ± 0.25 | <0.0001 | 60.73 ± 0.26 | 55.14 ± 0.18 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 116.13 ± 0.21 | 98.99 ± 0.55 | <0.0001 | 111.38 ± 0.82 | 94.41 ± 0.37 | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 90.30 ± 0.28 | 82.55 ± 0.21 | <0.0001 | 87.76 ± 0.26 | 78.89 ± 0.21 | <0.0001 |
| Triglyceride | 230.53 ± 5.13 | 125.05 ± 3.16 | <0.0001 | 184.88 ± 2.84 | 105.06 ± 1.29 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 133.58 ± 0.55 | 123.01 ± 0.47 | <0.0001 | 135.61 ± 0.46 | 121.48 ± 0.45 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 84.31 ± 0.38 | 78.43 ± 0.30 | <0.0001 | 80.91 ± 0.29 | 75.83 ± 0.26 | <0.0001 |
| HDL-cholesterol | 39.79 ± 0.33 | 48.36 ± 0.32 | <0.0001 | 42.74 ± 0.25 | 52.37 ± 0.29 | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol | 188.97 ± 1.34 | 186.30 ± 0.85 | 0.088 | 202.74 ± 1.17 | 199.65 ± 0.84 | 0.030 |
| Skeletal muscle index | 0.86 ± 0.00 | 0.90 ± 0.00 | <0.0001 | 0.56 ± 0.00 | 0.60 ± 0.00 | <0.0001 |
Data are presented as means ± SD or number (%). MetS; metabolic syndrome, BMI; body mass index, BP; blood pressure HDL-C; high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; p-value using ANOVA or chi-square test.