Table 3.

Results of multinomial logistic regression for factors associated with mental–physical comorbidity status among U.S. adults using NHANES 2013–2016 data.

Factors	Odds Ratio (95% CI)
	Only Chronic Disease	Chronic Disease with Depression
Age *	1.1 (1.06–1.08) *	1.1 (1.04–1.09) *
Sex *
Male	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
Female	0.8 (0.67–0.99) *	1.7 (1.06–2.84) *
Race/Ethnicity *
NH White	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
NH Black	1.4 (1.10–1.66) *	1.1 (0.72–1.84)
Hispanic	0.8 (0.62–1.12)	0.5 (0.36–0.79) *
Others	1.1 (0.86–1.43)	1.1 (0.60–2.01)
Marital Status
Married, living with partner	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
Widowed, separated, divorced	1.0 (0.82–1.25)	1.4 (0.87–2.32)
Never married	1.1 (0.75–1.55)	0.9 (0.50–1.68)
Education
Less than high school	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
High school graduate/GED or equivalent	1.0 (0.82–1.24)	0.7 (0.46–1.03)
Some college or above	1.0 (0.78–1.31)	0.6 (0.35–1.02)
Poverty Level
Poor (PIR < 1)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
Rich (PIR ≥ 1)	0.9 (0.75–1.19)	1.0 (0.62–1.46)
Family Size
1	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
2	1.1 (0.81–1.66)	1.3(0.71–2.43)
3	0.8 (0.61–1.11)	1.2 (0.68–2.11)
4 +	1.0 (0.68–1.35)	1.0 (0.59–1.62)
Food Security *
Full	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
Marginal	1.2 (0.81–1.66)	2.4 (1.06–5.43) *
Low	1.2 (0.77–1.86)	2.2 (1.23–3.95) *
Very low	1.5 (0.99–2.36)	3.6 (2.29–5.76) *
Healthy Diet *
Excellent	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
Very Good	0.8 (0.54–1.30)	0.7 (0.28–1.63)
Good	1.2 (0.69–1.95)	1.6(0.81–3.08)
Fair	1.7 (1.00–2.91)	2.8 (1.34–5.85) *
Poor	1.7 (0.87–3.45)	4.3 (1.47–12.59) *
Health Status *
Good or above	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
Fair or poor	2.0 (1.57–2.56) *	6.3 (4.15–9.71) *
Tobacco Use *
Never smoker	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
Former smoker	1.4 (1.08–1.70) *	1.6 (1.04–2.38) *
Current smoker	1.4 (1.04–1.92) *	2.2 (1.46–3.47) *
Usual Source of Care *
No	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
Yes	1.6 (1.19–2.08) *	2.8 (1.56–4.84) *

* p < 0.05.