Table 1.
Characteristics of (a) the eight countries and (b) the capital cities discussed in this paper. Data presented are 2019 statistics except for area and PM2.5, which are from 2020.
| (a) Country | Population [15] (Estimate, Thousands) | Total Area [16] (km2) |
Population Density of the Entire Country
(Person/km2) |
GD per Capita [17] (USD) |
Employment in Industry [18] (% of Total Employment) |
| Bangladesh | 163,046 | 143,998 | 1132.3 | 1856 | 21 |
| Indonesia | 270,626 | 1,904,569 | 142.1 | 4136 | 22 |
| Malaysia | 31,950 | 329,847 | 96.9 | 11,414 | 27 |
| Myanmar | 54,045 | 676,578 | 79.9 | 1477 | 17 |
| Philippines | 108,117 | 300,000 | 360.4 | 3485 | 19 |
| Taiwan | 23,774 | 36,193 | 656.9 | 25,941 [19] | 63 [20] |
| Thailand | 69,626 | 513,115 | 135.7 | 7807 | 23 |
| Vietnam | 96,462 | 331,689 | 290.8 | 2715 | 27 |
| (b) Country/Capital City | Population in the Capital City in 2019 (Estimate, Thousands) |
Population Density in the Capital City in 2019
(Person/km2) |
Annual Mean of Hourly PM2.5 [21] (μg/m3, Capital City, 2019) | Annual Mean of Hourly PM2.5 [10] (μg/m3, Capital City, 2020) | |
| Bangladesh/Dhaka | 20,284 [22] | 23,234 [22] | 83.3 | 77.1 | |
| Indonesia/Jakarta | 10,639 [22] | 15,900 [23] | 49.4 | 39.6 | |
| Malaysia/Kuala Lumpur | 7780 [22] | 7802 [24] | 21.6 | 16.5 | |
| Myanmar/Yangon | 5244 [22] | 12,308 [22] | 31 | NA | |
| Philippines/Metro Manila | 13,699 [22] | 21,765 [25] | 18.2 | 13.1 | |
| Taiwan/Taipei | 2645 [26] | 9473 [26] | 13.9 | 12.6 | |
| Thailand/Bangkok | 10,350 [22] | 6598 [27] | 22.8 | 20.6 | |
| Vietnam/Hanoi | 4480 [22] | 2410 [28] | 46.9 | 37.9 | |
NA: Not available.