Table 2.
Summary of ambient PM2.5 levels in the eight countries obtained with low-cost PM2.5 sensors (LCPMS).
| Country | Studied Area | Year | PM2.5 Levels (μg/m3) |
Sensor Used | Calibration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bangladesh | Dhaka [8] | 2017 | 76.0 ± 16.2 | AEROCET 531S | Yes |
| Indonesia | Jakarta [77] | 2019 | 50–65 | Edimax AirBox AI-1001W V3 | Yes |
| Jakarta [78] | 2018–2019 | 53.7 (0–175) | Alphasense OPC-N2 | Yes | |
| Malaysia | Petaling Jaya near Kuala Lumpur [79] | Nov 2019–Feb 2020 | 19.1 | AiRBOXSense | Yes |
| Myanmar | Yangon [66] | 2018 | Hlaingtharyar, Morning 164 ± 52 Evening 100 ± 35 |
Pocket PM2.5 Sensor | Yes |
| Yangon [66] | 2018 | Kamayut, Morning 91 ± 37 Evening 60 ± 22 |
Pocket PM2.5 Sensor | Yes | |
| Mandalay [65] | 2018–2019 | Summer 94 ± 10 μg/m3 Winter 53 ± 2 μg/m3 |
AS-LUNG-O | Yes | |
| Philippines | Quezon City, Metro Manila [80] |
2017 | -- | CrowdSSense | No |
| Manila and Taguig and Makati Cities, Metro Manila [81] | 2019 | -- | -- | No | |
| Balanga City, Bataan Province [82] |
-- | -- | DSM501A | No | |
| Taiwan | Central Taiwan [9] | 2017 | July 17.5 ± 8.9; December 29.2 ± 10.6 |
AS-LUNG-O | Yes |
| Taipei [7] | 2018 | 18.4 ± 10.6 | AS-LUNG-O | Yes | |
| Taipei [47] | 2018–2019 | Location A 17.2 ± 9.1; Location B 10.8 ± 3.9 |
AS-LUNG-O | Yes | |
| Thailand | Mae Shot, Northern Thailand [34] |
Mar–Apr 2018 | 13–280 (24h) |
Plantower PMS7003 | Yes |
| Nan, Northern Thailand [83] | NA | <5–37 (flight track) |
Plantower PMS 3003 (on Drone) | Yes | |
| Vietnam | Hanoi and Thai Nguyen Province [33] | Oct 2017–Apr 2018 | Hourly: three sites, 57.5, 54.9, and 53.6 | Panasonic PM2.5 sensors | Yes |
| Ho Chi Minh City [84] | 2017 | Maximum: 30–34 Minimum: 5–10 |
Plantower PMS 3003 | Yes | |
| Ho Chi Minh City [85] | Oct–Dec 2018 | Sensor 1: 33.86 Sensor 2: 34.16 |
Plantower PMS 3003 | Yes |