Table 4.
Multiple linear regression analyses of the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and past experience of breast cancer screening and CHBMS-BC-M (n = 676).
| Independent Variables |
Susceptibility | Benefits | Barriers | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) Difference between Pre- and Post-Intervention 1 | B (Adjusted) 2 |
95% CI | p | Mean (SD) Difference between Pre- and Post-Intervention 1 | B (Adjusted) 2 |
95% CI | p | Mean (SD) Difference between Pre- and Post-Intervention 1 | B (Adjusted) 2 |
95% CI | p | |||||
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||||||||||
| Nationality | ||||||||||||||||
| Malaysian | 629 (93.0) | 0.33 (3.21) | Reference | −0.43 (3.01) | Reference | 0.15 (8.98) | Reference | |||||||||
| Non-Malaysian | 47 (7.0) | 0.32 (3.61) | −0.02 | −2.01 | 1.98 | 0.989 | 0.21 (2.65) | 1.29 | −0.44 | 3.01 | 0.144 | −1.15 (8.79) | −5.09 | −10.62 | 0.45 | 0.072 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||
| Malay | 349 (51.6) | 0.33 (3.10) | Reference | −0.25 (3.02) | Reference | 0.72 (8.93) | Reference | |||||||||
| Chinese | 151 (22.3) | 0.49 (3.23) | 0.21 | −0.54 | 0.95 | 0.586 | −0.29 (2.91) | 0.33 | −0.34 | 0.99 | 0.336 | −1.17 (8.09) | −2.61 | −4.67 | −0.55 | 0.013 |
| Indian | 120 (17.8) | 0.11 (3.57) | −0.56 | −1.27 | 0.16 | 0.128 | −1.06 (3.16) | −0.49 | −1.14 | 0.15 | 0.135 | 0.16 (9.70) | −1.00 | −2.98 | 0.97 | 0.320 |
| Others | 56 (8.3) | 0.36 (3.42) | 0.29 | −1.61 | 2.19 | 0.766 | −0.05 (2.55) | −0.60 | −2.23 | 1.04 | 0.474 | −0.61 (9.73) | 3.57 | −1.54 | 8.68 | 0.171 |
| Age | ||||||||||||||||
| 40–49 years | 274 (41.0) | 0.26 (3.25) | Reference | −0.42 (3.15) | Reference | 0.55 (8.80) | Reference | |||||||||
| 50–59 years | 199 (29.8) | 0.59 (3.15) | 0.35 | −0.29 | 1.00 | 0.281 | −0.54 (2.97) | −0.03 | −0.60 | 0.54 | 0.919 | −0.45 (9.51) | −0.92 | −2.72 | 0.87 | 0.313 |
| 60–69 years | 137 (20.5) | 0.14 (3.40) | −0.11 | −0.89 | 0.66 | 0.773 | −0.23 (2.83) | 0.25 | −0.44 | 0.94 | 0.476 | −0.50 (8.78) | 0.27 | −1.88 | 2.42 | 0.803 |
| 70 years and above | 58 (8.7) | 0.31 (3.03) | −0.18 | −1.25 | 0.89 | 0.740 | −0.14 (2.79) | 0.18 | −0.79 | 1.15 | 0.719 | 0.95 (8.39) | 2.67 | −0.23 | 5.57 | 0.071 |
| Marital Status | ||||||||||||||||
| Married | 587 (86.8) | 0.30 (3.20) | Reference | −0.38 (2.98) | Reference | 0.24 (9.03) | Reference | |||||||||
| Single | 89 (13.2) | 0.53 (3.51) | 0.31 | −0.48 | 1.09 | 0.444 | −0.38 (3.08) | −0.22 | −0.92 | 0.48 | 0.541 | −1.01 (8.53) | −2.40 | −4.60 | −0.21 | 0.032 |
| Education | ||||||||||||||||
| No formal education | 88 (13.0) | 0.06 (3.22) | Reference | −0.16 (3.03) | Reference | −0.92 (8.65) | Reference | |||||||||
| Primary | 97 (14.4) | 0.49 (3.57) | 0.64 | −0.37 | 1.64 | 0.213 | −0.55 (3.20) | −0.19 | −1.08 | 0.70 | 0.673 | −0.08 (10.43) | 0.33 | −2.47 | 3.13 | 0.817 |
| Secondary | 366 (54.2) | 0.36 (3.12) | 0.58 | −0.27 | 1.44 | 0.180 | −0.41 (2.88) | −0.01 | −0.77 | 0.75 | 0.982 | 0.18 (8.80) | 0.79 | −1.62 | 3.19 | 0.522 |
| Tertiary | 124 (18.4) | 0.32 (3.35) | 0.73 | −0.37 | 1.82 | 0.195 | −0.31 (3.13) | 0.41 | −0.57 | 1.39 | 0.412 | 0.41 (8.48) | 0.63 | −2.44 | 3.69 | 0.689 |
| Monthly family income | ||||||||||||||||
| Below RM 4000 | 457 (71.2) | 0.44 (3.27) | Reference | −0.29 (3.02) | Reference | −0.02 (9.07) | Reference | |||||||||
| RM 4001–10,000 | 140 (21.8) | 0.05 (3.09) | −0.57 | −1.27 | 0.13 | 0.109 | −0.25 (2.95) | 0.01 | −0.61 | 0.64 | 0.96 | −0.05 (8.55) | −0.32 | −2.27 | 1.62 | 0.746 |
| RM 10,001 and above | 45 (7.0) | 0.24 (3.94) | −0.38 | −1.49 | 0.74 | 0.510 | −1.43 (2.48) | −1.53 | −2.53 | −0.52 | 0.00 | 1.49 (8.66) | 1.85 | −1.17 | 4.87 | 0.229 |
| Employment status | ||||||||||||||||
| Unemployed | 165 (24.4) | 0.36 (3.18) | Reference | −0.33 (3.01) | Reference | −0.04 (9.16) | Reference | |||||||||
| Employed | 511 (75.6) | 0.25 (3.42) | −0.09 | −0.73 | 0.56 | 0.795 | −0.56 (2.93) | −0.16 | −0.74 | 0.42 | 0.594 | 0.42 (8.39) | 0.37 | −1.42 | 2.16 | 0.685 |
| Past history of CBE 3 | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 233 (34.6) | 0.26 (3.29) | Reference | −0.48 (3.00) | Reference | −0.40 (8.55) | Reference | |||||||||
| Yes | 441 (65.4) | 0.46 (3.16) | 0.28 | −0.32 | 0.87 | 0.363 | −0.18 (2.97) | 0.54 | 0.00 | 1.07 | 0.048 | 1.00 (9.64) | 1.11 | −0.53 | 2.75 | 0.185 |
| Past history of Mammogram 4 | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 175 (26.0) | 0.32 (3.18) | Reference | −0.35 (2.90) | Reference | −0.06 (8.84) | Reference | |||||||||
| Yes | 498 (74.0) | 0.40 (3.41) | 0.16 | −0.50 | 0.83 | 0.629 | −0.47 (3.21) | −0.10 | −0.69 | 0.49 | 0.748 | 0.49 (9.38) | −0.24 | −2.05 | 1.56 | 0.792 |
| BCAC-BC campaign | ||||||||||||||||
| Non-recognizer | 211 (31.2) | 0.60 (3.31) | Reference | −0.43 (2.86) | Reference | −0.74 (9.39) | Reference | |||||||||
| Recognizer | 441 (65.2) | 0.18 (3.20) | −0.51 | −1.10 | 0.07 | 0.086 | −0.25 (2.99) | 0.29 | −0.23 | 0.81 | 0.276 | 0.07 (8.63) | −0.09 | −1.72 | 1.55 | 0.919 |
1 SD—Standard deviation. 2 B (adjusted)—adjusted mean difference, 3 Respondents’ self-reported uptake of CBE within the last year. 4 Respondents’ self-reported uptake of mammogram within the last two years.