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. 2022 Feb 4;19(3):1788. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19031788

Table 4.

Hierarchical regression models for Positive value of caregiving and Negative impact of caregiving (n = 146).

Variable Negative Impact Positive Value
B SE B β p B SE B β p
Background characteristics
   Gender 0.615 0.501 0.067 0.222 −0.118 0.320 −0.020 0.714
   Years in relationship −0.053 0.017 −0.184 0.002 0.002 0.011 0.010 0.860
   Years as carer 0.183 0.050 0.212 <0.001 −0.034 0.032 −0.061 0.294
Carer stress
   Behavioural stress 2.220 0.544 0.298 <0.001 −0.364 0.348 −0.077 0.298
   Instrumental stress 0.168 0.364 0.029 0.645 0.318 0.233 0.085 0.175
Health and social well-being
   Self-rated health 0.871 0.259 0.211 0.001 0.055 0.166 0.021 0.738
   Disturbed sleep 0.213 0.184 0.075 0.250 0.032 0.119 0.018 0.790
   Social loneliness 0.090 0.195 0.029 0.644 −0.031 0.142 −0.015 0.830
   Emotional loneliness 1.041 0.259 0.259 <0.001 0.002 0.166 0.001 0.992
   Meaning in life −0.031 0.038 −0.053 0.418 0.038 0.025 0.101 0.122
Quality of relationship
   Mutuality −0.157 0.455 −0.026 0.731 1,751 0.292 0.460 <0.001
   Change in emotional closeness −0.092 0.372 −0.016 0.804 0.544 0.238 0.152 0.024
   Change in physical intimacy −1.454 0.514 −0.173 0.005 −0.069 0.330 −0.013 0.836
Support
   Quality of support a - - - - 0.280 0.061 0.312 <0.001
Regressions R 2 R 2 adj Finc p R 2 R 2 adj Finc p
Step 1 i 0.112 0.094 (3,143) = 6.04 0.001 0.064 0.044 (3,143) = 3.25 0.024
Step 2 ii 0.432 0.412 (2,141) = 39.67 <0.001 0.205 0.176 (2,141) = 12.48 <0.001
Step 3 iii 0.602 0.573 (5,136) = 11.63 <0.001 0.387 0.342 (5,136) = 8.12 <0.001
Step 4 iv 0.632 0.596 (3,133) = 5.59 0.016 0.575 0.534 (3,133) = 19.59 <0.001
Step 5 v - - - - 0.634 0.595 (1,132) = 21.06 <0.001

Note: Table presents data for final models; a Final model data presented for Negative Impact after step 4 as Quality of support did not produce significant increment in model at step 5; i Background characteristics; ii Background characteristics, Carer stress; iii Background characteristics, Carer stress, Health and social well-being; iv Background characteristics, Carer stress, Health and social well-being, Quality of relationship; v Background characteristics, Carer stress, Health and social well-being Quality of relationship, Quality of support; Due to missing values n = 146 for both models.