Table A1.
Distribution of variables of interest in the total sample and the six personality profiles.
| Total Sample (N = 342) |
Baseline (n = 144) |
Socially Difficult (n = 37) |
Versatile Personality Problems (n = 23) |
Avoidant (n = 50) |
Goal Oriented (n = 49) |
Indifferent (n = 39) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACEs | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F (5, 336) | ||||||
| ETI sum | 3.25 (2.62) | 2.73 a (2.52) | 4.00 a,b (2.21) | 5.78 b (2.47) | 3.32 a (2.44) | 2.65 a (2.54) | 3.64 a (2.76) | 7.36 *** | ||||||
| n (%) | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | χ2 (5) | |
| ETI sum = 0 | 61 (17.8) | 36 (59.0) | 3.0 | 1 (1.6) | −2.5 | 0 (0.0) | −2.3 | 6 (9.8) | −1.2 | 9 (14.8) | 0.1 | 9 (14.8) | 0.9 | 17.72 ** |
| ETI sum = 1 | 47 (13.7) | 19 (40.4) | −0.3 | 6 (12.8) | 0.5 | 0 (0.0) | −2.0 | 7 (14.9) | 0.1 | 14 (29.8) | 3.3 | 1 (2.1) | −2.2 | 17.10 ** |
| ETI sum = 2 | 40 (11.7) | 18 (45.0) | 0.4 | 4 (10.0) | −0.2 | 2 (5.0) | −0.5 | 9 (22.5) | 1.5 | 5 (12.5) | −0.4 | 2 (5.0) | −1.4 | 3.98 |
| ETI sum ≥ 3 | 194 (56.8) | 71 (36.6) | -2.4 | 26 (13.4) | 1.8 | 21 (10.8) | 3.5 | 28 (14.4) | −0.1 | 21 (10.8) | −2.1 | 27 (13.9) | 1.7 | 23.53 *** |
| Personality | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F (5, 336) | ||||||
| YPI sum | 110.78 (22.48) | 115.31 a (19.40) | 129.73 b (21.01) | 116.43 a (20.74) | 98.44c (18.64) | 86.27 c (13.85) | 119.41 a (16.23) | 33.16 *** | ||||||
| JTCI novelty seeking | 29.73 (9.28) | 33.34 a (7.76) | 36.27 a (8.96) | 29.74 a (8.44) | 29.26 a (8.77) | 22.10 b (6.22) | 20.38 b (9.28) | 33.33 *** | ||||||
| JTCI harm avoidance | 23.59 (8.42) | 24.69 a (8.20) | 23.43 a,b (7.69) | 26.74 a (6.78) | 25.84 a (8.30) | 18.59 b (9.00) | 21.26 a,b (7.37) | 6.37 *** | ||||||
| JTCI reward dependence | 37.15 (9.54) | 38.68 a (8.54) | 38.97 a,b,c (6.81) | 32.96 b (7.75) | 35.78 a,b (9.42) | 44.16 c (8.33) | 25.18 d (5.02) | 27.28 *** | ||||||
| JTCI persistence | 30.17 (8.80) | 29.42 a (7.12) | 29.08 a (6.29) | 27.22 a,b (5.08) | 28.92 a (8.66) | 42.41 c (6.26) | 21.92 b (5.65) | 43.65 *** | ||||||
| SCID-II Cluster A (dim.) | 27.58 (6.20) | 24.46 a (2.64) | 31.43 b (4.62) | 44.30 c (5.11) | 28.70 b,d (4.50) | 25.90 a (3.47) | 26.28 a,d (3.78) | 130.65 *** | ||||||
| SCID-II Cluster B (dim.) | 42.59 (6.12) | 38.78 a (5.93) | 56.68 b (9.89) | 57.65 b (11.04) | 40.74 a (7.47) | 38.63 a (5.44) | 41.77 a (7.17) | 60.53 *** | ||||||
| SCID-II Cluster C (dim.) | 28.73 (6.12) | 25.07 a (2.92) | 29.00 b (4.23) | 36.48 c (4.00) | 38.84 c (4.33) | 27.18 b (3.29) | 26.38 a,b (3.15) | 146.06 *** | ||||||
| SCID-II other (dim.) | 18.24 (4.58) | 15.64 a (2.05) | 22.32 b (3.98) | 26.39 c (4.27) | 21.86 b (3.94) | 16.57 a (3.18) | 16.59 a (2.89) | 86.08 *** | ||||||
| n (%) | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | χ2 (5) | |
| SCID-II no PD | 270 (78.9) | 134 (49.5) | 5.5 | 21 (7.8) | −3.5 | 5 (1.5) | −7.0 | 30 (11.1) | −3.6 | 47 (17.4) | 3.1 | 33 (12.2) | 0.9 | 93.54 *** |
| SCID-II Cluster A (cat.) | 6 (1.8) | 1 (16.7) | −1.3 | 4 (66.7) | 4.4 | 0 (0.0) | −0.7 | 1 (16.7) | 0.1 | 0 (0.0) | −1.0 | 0 (0.0) | −0.09 | 20.55 *** |
| SCID-II Cluster B (cat.) | 17 (5.9) | 7 (41.2) | −0.1 | 4 (23.5) | 1.7 | 1 (5.9) | −0.1 | 1 (5.9) | −1.0 | 1 (5.9) | −1.0 | 3 (17.6) | 0.8 | 5.13 |
| SCID-II Cluster C (cat.) | 9 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | −2.6 | 0 (0.0) | −1.1 | 0 (0.0) | −0.8 | 9 (100.0) | 7.3 | 0 (0.0) | −1.2 | 0 (0.0) | −1.1 | 53.98 *** |
| SCID-II other (cat.) | 40 (11.7) | 2 (5.0) | −5.1 | 8 (20.0) | 2.0 | 17 (42.5) | 9.6 | 9 (22.5) | 1.5 | 1 (2.5) | −2.3 | 3 (7.5) | −0.8 | 111.50 *** |
| Psychopathology | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F (5, 336) | ||||||
| K-SADS-PL sum | 1.77 (1.30) | 1.60 (1.20) a | 2.22 (1.11) a,b | 2.70 (1.69) b | 1.74 (1.23) a | 1.57 (1.06) a | 1.67 (1.61) a | 4.16*** | ||||||
| n (%) | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | χ2 (5) | |
| K-SADS-PL sum = 0 | 60 (17.3) | 28 (46.7) | 0.8 | 2 (3.3) | −2.1 | 2 (3.3) | −1.2 | 7 (11.7) | −0.7 | 9 (15.0) | 0.2 | 12 (20.0) | 2.3 | 10.55 |
| K-SADS-PL sum = 1 | 92 (26.9) | 41 (0.6) | 0.6 | 7 (7.6 | −1.2 | 4 (4.3) | −1.1 | 18 (19.6) | 1.6 | 13 (14.1) | −0.1 | 9 (9.8) | −0.6 | 4.84 |
| K-SADS-PL sum = 2 | 105 (30.7) | 48 (45.7) | 0.9 | 14 (13.3) | 1.0 | 6 (5.7) | −0.5 | 12 (11.4) | −1.1 | 19 (18.1) | 1.3 | 6 (5.7) | −2.2 | 8.44 |
| K-SADS-PL sum ≥ 3 | 85 (25.1) | 27 (31.8) | -2.2 | 14 (16.5) | 1.9 | 11 (12.9) | 2.6 | 13 (15.3) | 0.2 | 8 (9.4) | −1.5 | 12 (14.1) | 0.9 | 15.39 ** |
| K-SADS-PL substance use | 98 (28.7) | 48 (49.0) | 1.6 | 13 (14.3) | 1.3 | 11 (11.2) | 2.1 | 5 (5.1) | −3.2 | 9 (9.2) | −1.8 | 11 (11.2) | 0.1 | 18.31 ** |
| K-SADS-PL schizophrenic | 3 (0.9) | 2 (66.7) | 0.9 | 0 (0.0) | −0.6 | 1 (33.3) | 1.8 | 0 (0.0) | −0.7 | 0 (0.0) | −0.7 | 0 (0.0) | −0.6 | 5.12 |
| K-SADS-PL affective | 105 (30.7) | 28 (26.7) | −3.9 | 9 (8.6) | −0.9 | 15 (14.3) | 3.7 | 24 (22.9) | 2.8 | 19 (18.1) | 1.3 | 10 (9.5) | −0.6 | 30.51*** |
| K-SADS-PL anxiety | 55 (16.1) | 17 (30.9) | −1.8 | 4 (7.3) | −0.9 | 9 (16.4) | 3.1 | 14 (25.5) | 2.4 | 5 (9.1) | −1.2 | 6 (10.9) | 0.0 | 18.06 ** |
| K-SADS-PL obsessive-compulsive | 7 (2.0) | 1 (14.3) | −1.5 | 2 (28.6) | 1.5 | 0 (0.0) | −0.7 | 1 (14.3) | 0.0 | 2 (28.6) | 1.1 | 1 (14.3) | 0.3 | 4.91 |
| K-SADS-PL traumatic | 74 (21.6) | 27 (36.5) | −1.1 | 10 (13.5) | 0.8 | 9 (12.2) | 2.1 | 13 (17.6) | 0.8 | 8 (10.8) | −1.0 | 7 (9.5) | −0.5 | 6.91 |
| K-SADS-PL dissociative | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | −0.9 | 0 (0.0) | −0.4 | 1 (100.0) | 3.7 | 0 (0.0) | −0.4 | 0 (0.0) | −0.4 | 0 (0.0) | −0.4 | 13.78 * |
| K-SADS-PL somatic | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | −0.9 | 0 (0.0) | −0.4 | 0 (0.0) | −0.3 | 1 (100.0) | 2.4 | 0 (0.0) | −0.4 | 0 (0.0) | −0.4 | 5.80 |
| K-SADS-PL eating | 4 (1.2) | 1 (25.0) | −0.7 | 0 (0.0) | −0.7 | 0 (0.0) | −0.5 | 0 (0.0) | −0.8 | 2 (50.0) | 2.0 | 1 (25.0) | 0.9 | 5.87 |
| K-SADS-PL ADHD | 86 (25.1) | 32 (37.2) | −1.1 | 19 (22.1) | 3.8 | 4 (4.7) | −0.9 | 11 (12.8) | −0.6 | 13 (15.1) | 0.2 | 7 (8.1) | −1.0 | 15.79 ** |
| K-SADS-PL conduct | 125 (36.5) | 58 (46.4) | 1.2 | 21 (16.8) | 2.7 | 9 (7.2) | 0.2 | 9 (7.2) | −3.0 | 12 (9.6) | −1.9 | 16 (12.8) | 0.9 | 18.69 ** |
| K-SADS-PL other | 45 (13.2) | 17 (37.8) | −0.6 | 3 (6.7) | −1.0 | 3 (6.7) | 0.0 | 9 (20.0) | 1.1 | 7 (15.6) | 0.2 | 6 (13.3) | 0.6 | 2.39 |
| Prior delinquency | n (%) | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | χ2 (5) |
| Any | 111 (32.5) | 55 (49.5) | 1.9 | 14 (12.6) | 0.7 | 13 (11.7) | 2.6 | 3 (2.7) | −4.3 | 12 (10.8) | −1.3 | 14 (12.6) | 0.5 | 26.32 *** |
| Violent | 26 (7.6) | 9 (34.6) | −0.8 | 4 (15.4) | 0.8 | 4 (15.4) | 1.8 | 1 (3.8) | −1.6 | 3 (11.5) | −0.4 | 5 (19.2) | 1.3 | 7.95 |
| Non-Violent | 105 (30.7) | 55 (52.4) | 2.6 | 14 (13.3) | 1.0 | 11 (10.5) | 1.8 | 2 (1.9) | −4.4 | 12 (11.4) | −1.0 | 11 (10.5) | −0.4 | 25.61 *** |
| Future delinquency | n (%) | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | χ2 (5) |
| Any | 110 (32.2) | 53 (48.2) | 1.6 | 20 (18.2) | 3.0 | 9 (8.2) | 0.7 | 4 (3.6) | −4.0 | 12 (10.9) | −1.2 | 12 (10.9) | −0.2 | 24.80 *** |
| Violent | 37 (10.8) | 20 (54.1) | 1.6 | 7 (18.9) | 1.7 | 4 (10.8) | 1.1 | 0 (0.0) | −2.7 | 3 (8.1) | −1.1 | 3 (8.1) | −0.7 | 12.53 * |
| Non-Violent | 101 (29.5) | 48 (47.5) | 1.3 | 19 (18.8) | 3.1 | 8 (7.9) | 0.6 | 4 (4.0) | −3.6 | 10 (9.9) | −1.5 | 12 (11.9) | 0.2 | 22.90 *** |
| Sociodemographics | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F (5, 99.56) | ||||||
| Age | 15.74 (1.61) | 15.75 (1.46) | 16.00 (1.55) | 16.50 (1.73) | 15.19 (1.97) | 15.95 (1.74) | 15.49 (1.74) | 2.16 | ||||||
| n (%) | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | n (%) | AR | χ2 (5) | |
| Female | 120 (35.1) | 42 (35.0) | −2.0 | 9 (7.5) | −1.5 | 8 (6.7) | 0.0 | 28 (23.3) | 3.4 | 18 (15.0) | 0.3 | 15 (12.5) | 0.5 | 13.95 * |
| Male | 222 (64.9) | 102 (45.9) | 2.0 | 28 (12.6) | 1.5 | 15 (6.8) | 0.0 | 22 (9.9) | −3.4 | 31 (14.0) | -0.3 | 24 (10.8) | −0.5 | 13.95 * |
| Swiss Nationality | 293 (85.7) | 125 (42.7) | 0.5 | 29 (9.9) | −1.3 | 21 (7.2) | 0.8 | 49 (16.7) | 2.7 | 30 (10.2) | −5.3 | 39 (13.3) | 2.7 | 38.92 *** |
| Low SES | 79 (23.2) | 30 (38.0) | −0.9 | 10 (12.7) | 0.5 | 6 (7.6) | 0.3 | 9 (11.4) | −0.8 | 6 (7.6) | −2.1 | 18 (22.8) | 3.9 | 18.25 ** |
Note. N = 342. dim = dimensional, cat = categorical, PD = personality disorder. AR adjusted residuals. Significant deviations from expected distribution with AR ≤ −2.0 or AR ≥ 2.0. Groups with the same subscripts (a, b, c, d) did not significantly differ from each other. * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001.