Table 3.
Moderating variables of the correlations between clinical risk factors and caregiver burden.
| Risk Factors | Moderator Variables | k | N | Effect Size [95% CI] | Heterogeneity | Moderator Test | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q | p | I 2 | Total Qw | Total Qb | |||||
| PwS: Symptom severity | Chinese communities | 277.287 *** | 31.190 *** | ||||||
| Yes | 3 | 698 | 0.381 [0.316, 0.443] | 16.550 | 0.000 | 87.916 | |||
| No | 10 | 1661 | 0.147 [0.099, 0.194] | 260.737 | 0.000 | 96.548 | |||
| Study quality level | 287.110 *** | 21.367 *** | |||||||
| High | 3 | 869 | 0.335 [0.274, 0.393] | 23.352 | 0.000 | 91.435 | |||
| Moderate | 10 | 1490 | 0.149 [0.098, 0.198] | 263.759 | 0.000 | 96.588 | |||
| Study location | 144.397 *** | 164.081 *** | |||||||
| HIC | 3 | 595 | −0.230 [−0.305, −0.152] | 58.925 | 0.000 | 96.606 | |||
| LMIC | 10 | 1764 | 0.361 [0.319, 0.401] | 85.471 | 0.000 | 89.470 | |||
| Study participants | 286.218 *** | 22.259 *** | |||||||
| CG | 6 | 903 | 0.335 [0.275, 0.392] | 32.244 | 0.000 | 84.493 | |||
| Dyad of CG and PwS | 7 | 1456 | 0.145 [0.094, 0.196] | 253.974 | 0.000 | 97.638 | |||
| PwS: Functional impairment | Chinese communities | 35.550 *** | 20.152 *** | ||||||
| Yes | 3 | 737 | 0.212 [0.142, 0.281] | 26.252 | 0.000 | 92.381 | |||
| No | 8 | 1041 | 0.408 [0.356, 0.458] | 9.298 | 0.232 | 24.718 | |||
| Study quality level | 38.649 *** | 17.053 *** | |||||||
| High | 3 | 872 | 0.238 [0.174, 0.300] | 29.165 | 0.000 | 93.142 | |||
| Moderate | 8 | 906 | 0.414 [0.358, 0.467] | 9.484 | 0.220 | 26.189 | |||
| Study location | 52.054 *** | 3.648 | |||||||
| HIC | 2 | 222 | 0.434 [0.319, 0.535] | 0.212 | 0.645 | 0.000 | |||
| LMIC | 9 | 1556 | 0.315 [0.269, 0.359] | 51.843 | 0.000 | 84.569 | |||
| Study participants | 35.550 *** | 20.152 *** | |||||||
| CG | 3 | 737 | 0.212 [0.142, 0.281] | 26.252 | 0.000 | 92.381 | |||
| Dyad of CG and PwS | 8 | 1041 | 0.408 [0.356, 0.458] | 9.298 | 0.232 | 24.718 | |||
| PwS: Duration of illness | Chinese communities | 65.183 *** | 5.957 * | ||||||
| Yes | 2 | 233 | 0.093 [−0.037, 0.220] | 1.996 | 0.158 | 49.895 | |||
| No | 5 | 958 | 0.267 [0.207, 0.326] | 63.188 | 0.000 | 93.670 | |||
| Study quality level | 56.510 *** | 14.630 *** | |||||||
| High | 1 | 245 | 0.020 [−0.106, 0.145] | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | |||
| Moderate | 6 | 946 | 0.288 [0.288, 0.346] | 56.510 | 0.000 | 91.152 | |||
| Study location | 71.140 *** | 0.000 | |||||||
| HIC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| LMIC | 7 | 1191 | 0.235 [0.180, 0.288] | 71.140 | 0.000 | 91.566 | |||
| Study participants | 64.230 *** | 6.910 ** | |||||||
| CG | 4 | 703 | 0.173 [0.100, 0.244] | 23.439 | 0.000 | 87.201 | |||
| Dyad of CG and PwS | 3 | 488 | 0.320 [0.237, 0.398] | 40.791 | 0.000 | 95.097 | |||
Note: k = number of articles; N = sample size. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 (two-tailed).