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. 2022 Jan 21;23(3):1209. doi: 10.3390/ijms23031209

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Description of cAMP cascades, which are involved in clinical implications of phosphodiesterase-4-inhibition. ATP (adenosine triphosphate); AC (adenylyl cyclase); cAMP (3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate); PDE4 (phosphodiesterase-4); PDE4-I (phosphodiesterase-4-inhibitor); 5’AMP (5′-adenosine monophosphate); PKA (protein kinase A); Epac 1/2 (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 and 2); CREB (cAMP response element binding protein); ATF-1 (cAMP-dependent activating transcription factor 1); Popeye (Popeye domain family Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1)); RhoA (Ras homolog family member A); NF-κB (nuclear factor ‘kappa-light-chain-enhancer’ of activated B-cells); Bcl-6 (B-cell lymphoma 6 protein); Rap 1 (Ras-related protein 1).