Figure 2.

Biological dysfunction in HSP. The neurons in the corticospinal zone of the brain undergo mutations in the genes, causing a breakdown of organelle shaping and trafficking and dysfunction in the mitochondrial cells at the neuron’s nuclear region. Few gene mutations lead to faulty transmission in the axons, and some mutations cause degeneration of the myelin sheath of the corticospinal neuron. Likewise, an endoplasmic reticulum shaping genes’ mutation causes defective metabolism, especially lipid droplet formations. All these characteristics lead to lower limb spasticity and weakness, causing HSP phenotypes.