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. 2022 Feb 2;23(3):1716. doi: 10.3390/ijms23031716

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The primary phases of the essential signaling pathway for IFN-I-III production are inhibited by SARS-CoV-2 proteins. The signaling pathway for inducing IFN-I-III production is indicated by the blue color. The green color denotes post-transcriptional steps in IFN-I-III production and secretion. The blocks of the corresponding stages of IFN-I-III induction, production, and secretion that are produced by SARS-CoV-2 proteins are shown in red. The direction of action effects is indicated by arrows.