Table 1.
Endogenous antioxidant biomarkers in oxidative stress-related ocular diseases.
| Disease | Sample Source | Total Antioxidant Capacity/References (↓): Decreased (--): Not Significantly Different |
Antioxidant Biomarkers * | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enzymatic | Nonenzymatic | ||||
| Keratoconus | Cornea | (↓) [121] | SOD Catalase Quinone ALDH HO-2 |
Glutathione | [63,122,123,124,125,126] |
| Tear film | (↓) [127] | SOD GPx |
Uric acid Glutathione Tyrosine Lactoferrin |
[128,129,130,131,132,133] | |
| Serum | (--) [134,135,136] | SOD Catalase GPx |
Glutathione Thiol Copper Zinc Selenium |
[137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144] | |
| Senile cataract | Lens | (↓) [145] | SOD GPx GR |
Ascorbic acid Glutathione Ergothioneine α-tocopherol |
[145,146,147,148,149,150,151] |
| Aqueous humor | (↓) [152] | -- | Ascorbic acid Uric acid Glutathione Ergothioneine |
[150,153,154] | |
| Serum | (↓) [147,155] | SOD Catalase |
Ascorbic acid Glutathione Tocopherol β-carotene |
[145,155,156,157] | |
| Age-related macular degeneration | Retina | (--) | SOD Catalase PRDX3 GPx |
Lutein Zeaxanthin |
[158,159,160] |
| Serum | (↓) [161] | SOD Catalase GPx |
Zeaxanthin Lutein Thiol |
[162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169] | |
| Glaucoma | Aqueous humor | (↓) [170] (--) [171] |
SOD GPx Catalase GST |
Zinc | [170,171,172,173,174] |
| Serum | (↓) [170,171,173,175] | SOD | Uric acid Ascorbic acid Melatonin |
[170,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183] | |
* Note: This table only includes antioxidants that have been shown to be significantly different in individuals with and without the indicated disease. ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GR, glutathione reductase; GST, glutathione transferase; Quinone, NADPH dehydrogenase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; HO-2, heme oxygenase 2; PRDX3, peroxiredoxin-3.