| AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
| COX | cyclooxygenase |
| EGFR | epidermal growth factor receptor |
| MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| mTOR | mechanistic target of rapamycin |
| NSAIDs | nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
| P5C–∆1 | pyrroline-5-carboxylate |
| P5CDH | P5C dehydrogenase |
| PARP | poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase |
| PGE2 | prostaglandin E2 |
| PPAR | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor |
| PRODH/POX | proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase |
| PYCR1 | mitochondrial P5C reductase |
| PYCRL | cytosolic P5C reductase |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
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