Figure 2.

Principal hallmarks of senescent cells. Many different stimuli may cause a DNA damage in the cell and activate the DNA-Damage Response (DDR), which may produce the expression of the Cell-Cycle Arrest (CCA) molecules. Prolonged activation of DDR and CCA proteins produce cellular senescence and the release of the Senescent-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP), enriched in different proinflammatory, profibrotic and growth factors that are regulated by NF-κB pathway activation and may cause activation of cellular senescence in a paracrine manner, inflammaging and fibrosis in the kidney, and other tissues.