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. 2022 Jan 31;23(3):1638. doi: 10.3390/ijms23031638

Table 1.

Effects of extracellular S1P in beta-cells and islets in the absence or presence of proinflammatory cytokines or FFAs. The summary is based mainly on data gained in rat and mouse beta-cells and islets. Details are discussed in Section 7.1 and Section 8.1. Ref: References to the studies.

Conditions Effects Ref.
Extracellular S1P alone Nontoxic nM-5 µM < 24 h
>5 µM inhibition of cell viability and GSIS
>5 µM induction of Caspase-3 activation
> 5µM inhibition of proliferation
5 µM weak induction of NFκB
nM no induction of iNOS and NO
Increase in cAMP
No effect on ATP content
Insulin secretion stimulation at 3 mM Glc
Potentiation of GSIS (<5 µM)
HDL-mediated inhibition of TUNEL staining after IL-1β or HG (mouse and human islets)
S1P receptors specific (major role of S1P2 and S1P3) (MIN6, mouse islets; INS1, rat islets)
[25,26,30,105]
[26,30]
[26,30,105]
[26,30]
[30]
[105]
[30]
[30]
[30]
[24,26,27,30]
[141]

[26,106,142]
Extracellular S1P and
proinflammatory cytokines
Prevention of caspase-3 activation (INS1E)
Decrease in TUNEL staining (INS1, rat islets)
Inhibition of apoptosis (MIN6)
Prevention of cytochrome c release (INS1)
Prevention of viability loss (INS1E)
Partial protection from proliferation inhibition (INS1E)
No additive effect on NFκB (INS1E)
No additive effect on iNOS and NO (INS1)
S1P2 and S1P3-mediated effects (MIN6, mouse islets, INS1, rat islets)
PKC-mediated effects (INS1)
[30,105]
[105]
[26]
[105]
[30]
[30]

[30]
[105]
[26,105]
[142]
[106,142]
Extracellular S1P and
FFAs
Prevention of PA-mediated apoptosis
(double staining with annexin V and propidium iodide, caspase-3 activation, TUNEL staining) (INS1, MIN6, mouse islets)
Prevention of PA-mediated cell death (PI)
(MIN6)
[26,28]


[28]