Table 1.
Summary of proliferation proteins and their role in oral cancer.
| Protein | Role in Oral Cancer | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| EGF | Modulates growth and differentiation of oral cancer cells | Bernades et al. [43] |
| ErbB proteins (EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4) | Progression and pathogenesis of OSCC | Bernades et al. [43] |
| GRB2 | Overexpression is correlated with lymph node metastasis | Li et al. [44] |
| Shc | Activation of Shc results in couple β6 signaling to the Raf-ERK/MAPK pathway | Li et al. [45] |
| SOS1 | Useful biomarker in OSCC | Baltanas et al. [46] |
| Ras | Ras mutations confer therapeutic resistance | Batta et al. [47] |
| Raf | Oral cancer behaves similarly like other cancer in terms of perturbations in Raf kinase inhibitor protein | Hallums et al. [48] |
| MEK/ERK | Related to chemoresistance in oral cancer | Kashyap et al. [49] |
| MAPK | Promotes tumour cell proliferation and anti-apoptosis | Peng et al. [50] |
| PI3K/Akt/mTOR | Overexpression related to poor prognosis of oral cancer | Harsha et al. [51] |
| PTEN | Epigenetic biomarker in OSCC | Sushma et al. [52] |
| PDK1 | Targeting PDK1 sensitizes NOTCH1 to PI3K/mTOR pathway | Sambandam et al. [53] |
| 4E-BP | Reactivated by mTOR inhibition in OSCC | Wang et al. [54] |
| Cyclin D | Early biomarker in oral cancer | Ramakrishna et al. [55] |
| CDK4, CDK6 | The index scores of CDK4, CDK6, and cyclin D1 are associated with the transformation from pre-cancer to oral cancer stage | Kujan et al. [56] |
| Cyclin E | Related to progression of cancer | Moharil et al. [57] |
| Cyclin A, Cyclin B | Prognostic significance in OSCC | Monteiro et al. [58] |
| CDK1, CDK2 | CDK1 serve as a prognostic marker and malignant degree for the survival of OSCC patients. CDK2 overexpression serve as a prognostic marker of OSCC | Chen et al. [59]; Mihara et al. [60] |
| Pocket proteins (RB, RBL1/p107, RBL2/p130) | Suppress OSCC | Shin et al. [61] |
| ATM and ATR | Related to radiosensitivity in OSCC | Parikh et al. [62] |
| p53 | Inactivated in OSCC resulting in prolonged cell cycle | Ragos et al. [63] |
| CIP/KIP family (p21, p27, p57) | Cell cycle regulators | Perez-Sayans et al. [64] |
| INK4 family (p15, p16, p18, p19) | Related to transformation from precancer to oral cancer stage | Agarwal et al. [65] |