Table 1.
Summative table of the change in spermine and diacetylspermine concentrations in different human cancers.
| Cancer of Origin |
Method | Major Outcome | Polyamine Levels ^ | Statistical Significance | AUC | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lung | LC-ESI-MS/MS | Increased fingernail Spm level | NR | p < 0.05 a | NR | [17] |
| UHPLC-MS/MS | Increased urinary Spm level | 0.30 ± 0.36 ‡; 0.80 ± 0.86 ‡; 2.67 | p < 0.01 a | NR | [18] | |
| UHPLC-MS/MS | Decreased plasma Spm level | 12.61 ± 12.02 †; 6.78 ± 3.87 †; 0.54 | p > 0.05 a | NR | ||
| Colloidal gold aggregation |
Increased urinary DiAcSpm level in NSCLC |
0.0005 (0.485–0.847) ‡; 0.0008 (0.605–1.28) ‡; 1.60 |
p < 2.2 × 10−6 a | 0.75 | [19] | |
| Liver | UHPLC-MS/MS | Increased urinary Spm level | 0.30 ± 0.36 ‡; 1.88 ± 2.34 ‡; 6.27 | p < 0.01 a | NR | [18] |
| UHPLC-MS/MS | Increased plasma Spm level | 12.61 ± 12.02 †; 14.24 ± 10.73 †; 0.89 | p > 0.05 a | NR | ||
| ELISA | Increased urinary DiAcSpm level in advanced HCC |
Threshold set at 325 nM/g creatinine |
p < 0.0001 a,b | NR | [20] | |
| Breast | NR | Increased serum Spm level and Spm/Put ratio | NR | NR b | NR | [21] |
| LC-MS | Increased plasma DiAcSpm level in TNBC |
0.98 ± 0.05; 1.11 ± 0.30; 1.13 | p < 0.001 a | 0.64 | [15] | |
| Colorectal | LC-MS/MS | Increased urinary DiAcSpm level |
0.0855 (0.15) ‡; 0.182 (0.20) ‡; 2.13 |
p = 0.00049 a,b p = 0.042 b |
0.72 | [22] |
| Prostate | UHPLC-MS/MS | Decreased urinary Spm level | 5.43 ± 1.17; 1.47 ± 0.22; 0.27 | p < 0.0001 a,b | 0.83 ± 0.03 | [9] |
| HPLC | Decreased urinary Spm level | NR | NR | NR | [23] | |
| 1H-NMRS | Decreased prostatic secretion Spm level |
NR | p < 0.002 a | 0.79 | [24] | |
| HR-MAS | Decreased tissue Spm level in PCa |
1.92 (0.86–3.13) #; 1.22 (0.66–2.00) #; 0.635 |
p = 0.022 a | 0.86 * | [25] | |
| Kidney | Amino acid analyzer |
Decreased tissue Spm level | 6.85 ± 6.97; 4.05 ± 2.23; 0.59 | p = 0.1 a | NR | [26] |
| Urinary Bladder | ELISA | No significant urinary DiAcSpm level change |
NR | p = 0.64 a | <0.7 | [27] |
| Ovary | LC-MS/MS | Increased urinary DiAcSpm level |
0.10 ± 0.04 ‡; 0.54 ± 0.62 ‡; 5.4 | p < 0.001 a,b | 0.83 | [28] |
Abbreviations: LC-ES-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry; UHPLC-MS/MS, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; 1H-NMRS, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum; HR-MAS, high-resolution magic angle spinning; Spm, spermine; DiAcSpm, N1, N12-diacetylspermine; Put, putrescine; NSCLC, non-small-cell lung carcinoma; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; TNBC, triple negative breast cancer; AUC, area under the ROC curve; NR, not reported. ^ Polyamine levels were represented in the order of benign; cancer; fold change (cancer level/benign level). ‡ Polyamine levels were represented in mean ± SD μmol/g creatinine or median (IQR) μmol/g creatinine. † Polyamine levels were represented in mean ± SD ng/mL. # Polyamine levels were represented in mean ± SD mmol/kg tissue samples or median (IQR) mmol/kg tissue samples. a Polyamine levels compared with healthy controls. b Polyamine levels compared with benign disease individuals or healthy controls. * Composited model included spermine.