Table 2. Random-effects estimates of overall data and according to intelligence assessment type, religiosity assessment, sample type, and publication status.
| Summary effect (r) | SD | p-values | 95% CI | Q | I 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (k = 105) | -.141 | 0.013 | < .001 | [-.167, -.116] | 1462.271*** | 96.12% |
| Intelligence assessment | ||||||
| IQ (k = 93) | -.154 | 0.013 | < .001 | [-.180, -.130] | 1371.209*** | 95.95% |
| GPA (k = 8) | -.011 | 0.048 | .819 | [-.084, .106] | 24.674** | 73.91% |
| Mixed assessment (k = 4) | -.100 | 0.081 | .213 | [-.254, .058] | 24.158*** | 82.39% |
| Religiosity assessment | ||||||
| All assessments | ||||||
| Beliefs (k = 67) | -.167 | 0.018 | < .001 | [-.199, -.131] | 1031.528*** | 95.94% |
| Behavior (k = 11) | -.090 | 0.036 | .013 | [-.160, .019] | 79.968*** | 97.17% |
| Mixed (k = 27) | -.109 | 0.021 | < .001 | [-.150, -.067] | 181.439*** | 89.78% |
| IQ-tests only | ||||||
| Beliefs (k = 61) | -.177 | 0.018 | < .001 | [-.211, -.143] | 974.030*** | 95.76% |
| Behavior (k = 9) | -.109 | 0.036 | .002 | [-.179, -.039] | 65.506*** | 97.16% |
| Mixed (k = 23) | -.121 | 0.021 | < .001 | [-.161, -.080] | 162.289*** | 89.34% |
| Sample type | ||||||
| All assessments | ||||||
| Pre-college (k = 13) | -.038 | 0.027 | .165 | [-.091, .016] | 39.738*** | 75.59% |
| College (k = 49) |
-.133 | 0.019 | < .001 | [-.170, -.095] | 222.728*** | 87.33% |
| Non-college (k = 39) | -.177 | 0.022 | < .001 | [-.218, -.135] | 989.095*** | 98.13% |
| IQ-tests only | ||||||
| Precollege (k = 12) | -.046 | 0.028 | .096 | [-.099, .008] | 37.402*** | 75.82% |
| College (k = 39) | -.158 | 0.018 | < .001 | [-.193, -.123] | 145.650*** | 81.41% |
| Non-college (k = 38) | -.179 | 0.022 | < .001 | [-.221, -.136] | 988.774*** | 98.22% |
| Publications status | ||||||
| All assessments | ||||||
| Published (k = 88) | -.145 | 0.015 | < .001 | [-.172, -.116] | 1342.887*** | 96.57% |
| Unpublished (k = 17) | -.127 | 0.032 | < .001 | [-.188, -.065] | 74.455*** | 81.28% |
| IQ-tests only | ||||||
| Published (k = 78) | -.158 | 0.015 | < .001 | [-.186, -.130] | 1259.927*** | 96.48% |
| Unpublished (k = 15) | -.134 | 0.030 | < .001 | [-.191, -.076] | 65.627** | 76.55% |
Note. SD = standard deviation; 95% CI = 95% lower and upper bound of 95% confidence interval; Q = Cochran`s Q test statistic for heterogeneity; I2 = ratio between true heterogeneity and total observed variation
**p < .01
***p < .001.