Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of study subjects.
| All | Male | Female | p-Value * | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| Ethnicity | 117 | 60 | 57 | 0.062 | |||
| West European | 109 | 93.2 | 53 | 88.3 | 56 | 98.2 | |
| Other | 8 | 6.8 | 7 | 11.7 | 1 | 1.8 | |
| Systemic disease | 117 | 60 | 57 | ||||
| Diabetes | 7 | 6.0 | 5 | 8.3 | 2 | 3.5 | 0.440 |
| Hypertension | 28 | 23.9 | 16 | 26.7 | 12 | 21.1 | 0.521 |
| Rheumatic disease | 11 | 9.4 | 4 | 6.7 | 7 | 12.3 | 0.354 |
| Concomitant use of oral/ocular medication | 117 | 60 | 57 | ||||
| Beta-blockers | 11 | 9.4 | 4 | 6.7 | 7 | 12.3 | 0.354 |
| Diuretics | 6 | 5.1 | 2 | 3.3 | 4 | 7.0 | 0.431 |
| Antidepressants | 3 | 2.6 | 1 | 1.7 | 2 | 3.5 | 0.612 |
| Lipid lowering | 30 | 25.6 | 19 | 31.7 | 11 | 25.6 | 0.143 |
| Antihistamines | 15 | 12.8 | 7 | 11.7 | 8 | 14.0 | 0.786 |
| Postmenopausal hormonal | 8 | 6.8 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 14.0 | 0.002 |
| Use of contact lenses | 6 | 5.1 | 3 | 5.0 | 3 | 5.3 | 1.000 |
| Use of topical ocular lubricants | 9 | 7.7 | 2 | 3.3 | 7 | 12.3 | 0.089 |
| Smoking habits | 117 | 60 | 57 | 0.854 | |||
| Never | 57 | 48.7 | 30 | 50.0 | 27 | 47.4 | |
| Past or current smoking | 60 | 51.3 | 30 | 50.0 | 30 | 52.6 | |
* p-Value from Chi-square test.