Table 3.
Awareness of symptoms of head and neck cancers by sociodemographic factors (n = 1082).
| Head and Neck Cancers’ Symptoms—Percentage of Respondents Who Answered “Yes” by Sociodemographic Factors | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Lump in Neck | Swelling or Lump in the Throat | Pain or Trouble Swallowing | Chronic Sore Throat | Bleeding in the Mouth or Throat | Chronic Hoarseness | ||||||
| n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Female (n = 569) | 352 (61.9%) | 0.005 | 322 (56.6%) | 0.001 | 241 (42.4%) | 0.03 | 232 (40.8%) | 0.04 | 229 (40.2%) | 0.09 | 248 (43.6%) | <0.001 |
| Male (n = 513) | 274 (53.4%) | 239 (46.6%) | 184 (35.9%) | 179 (34.9%) | 181 (35.3%) | 160 (31.2%) | ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| 18–34 (n = 350) | 215 (61.4%) | 0.2 | 183 (52.3%) | 0.6 | 146 (41.7%) | 0.7 | 138 (39.4%) | 0.2 | 138 (39.4%) | 0.7 | 107 (30.6%) | <0.001 |
| 35–49 (n = 286) | 165 (57.7%) | 139 (48.6%) | 107 (37.4%) | 98 (34.3%) | 101 (35.3%) | 103 (36.0%) | ||||||
| 50–64 (n = 287) | 164 (57.1%) | 154 (53.7%) | 111 (38.7%) | 120 (41.8%) | 112 (39.0%) | 132 (46.0%) | ||||||
| 65+ (n = 159) | 82 (51.6%) | 85 (53.5%) | 61 (38.4%) | 55 (34.6%) | 59 (37.1%) | 66 (41.5%) | ||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| single (n = 236) | 136 (57.6%) | 0.005 | 127 (53.8%) | 0.4 | 100 (42.4%) | 0.4 | 94 (39.8%) | 0.1 | 92 (39.0%) | 0.2 | 84 (35.6%) | 0.04 |
| married (n = 546) | 330 (60.4%) | 278 (50.9%) | 216 (39.6%) | 213 (39.0%) | 205 (37.5%) | 227 (41.6%) | ||||||
| informal relationship (n = 161) | 98 (60.9%) | 91 (56.5%) | 62 (38.5%) | 63 (39.1%) | 69 (42.9%) | 46 (28.6%) | ||||||
| divorced (n = 65) | 34 (52.3%) | 32 (49.2%) | 25 (38.5%) | 24 (36.9%) | 24 (36.9%) | 26 (40.0%) | ||||||
| widowed (n = 74) | 28 (37.8%) | 33 (44.6%) | 22 (29.7%) | 17 (23.0%) | 20 (27.0%) | 25 (33.8%) | ||||||
| Children | ||||||||||||
| Yes (n = 697) | 400 (57.4%) | 0.7 | 361 (51.8%) | 0.9 | 270 (38.7%) | 0.6 | 266 (38.2%) | 0.9 | 260 (37.3%) | 0.6 | 288 (41.3%) | <0.001 |
| No (n = 385) | 226 (58.7%) | 200 (51.9%) | 155 (40.3%) | 145 (37.7%) | 150 (39.0%) | 120 (31.2%) | ||||||
| Place of residence | ||||||||||||
| rural (n = 343) | 196 (57.1%) | 0.9 | 173 (50.4%) | 0.8 | 130 (37.9%) | 0.6 | 118 (34.4%) | 0.4 | 130 (37.9%) | 0.9 | 127 (37.0%) | 0.2 |
| city with below 20,000 residents (n = 130) | 79 (60.8%) | 68 (52.3%) | 52 (40.0%) | 48 (36.9%) | 52 (40.0%) | 56 (43.1%) | ||||||
| city with from 20,000 to 99,999 residents (n = 238) | 137 (57.6%) | 124 (52.1%) | 86 (36.1%) | 90 (37.8%) | 86 (36.1%) | 80 (33.6%) | ||||||
| city with from 100,000 to 499,999 residents (n = 164) | 120 (58.0%) | 105 (50.7%) | 87 (42.0%) | 86 (41.5%) | 82 (39.6%) | 73 (35.3%) | ||||||
| city with over 500,000 residents | 94 (57.3%) | 91 (55.5%) | 70 (42.7%) | 69 (42.1%) | 60 (36.6%) | 72 (43.9%) | ||||||
| Educational level | ||||||||||||
| primary (n = 36) | 16 (44.4%) | 0.04 | 13 (36.1%) | 0.001 | 13 (36.1%) | 0.3 | 8 (22.2%) | 0.1 | 12 (33.3%) | 0.1 | 6 (16.7%) | 0.01 |
| vocational (n = 93) | 45 (48.4%) | 44 (47.3%) | 32 (34.4%) | 32 (34.4%) | 30 (32.3%) | 33 (35.5%) | ||||||
| secondary (n = 492) | 284 (57.7%) | 235 (47.8%) | 184 (37.4%) | 184 (37.4%) | 174 (35.4%) | 176 (35.8%) | ||||||
| higher (n = 461) | 281 (61.0%) | 269 (58.4%) | 196 (42.5%) | 187 (40.6%) | 194 (42.1%) | 193 (41.9%) | ||||||
| Occupational status | ||||||||||||
| active (n = 666) | 393 (59.0%) | 0.3 | 354 (53.2%) | 0.3 | 260 (39.0%) | 0.8 | 251 (37.7%) | 0.8 | 251 (37.7%) | 0.9 | 241 (36.2%) | 0.2 |
| passive (n = 416) | 233 (56.0%) | 207 (49.8%) | 165 (39.7%) | 160 (38.5%) | 159 (38.2%) | 167 (40.1%) | ||||||
| Self-reported financial situation | ||||||||||||
| good or very good (n = 165) | 101 (61.2%) | 0.2 | 85 (51.5%) | 0.1 | 67 (40.6%) | 0.8 | 65 (39.4%) | 0.3 | 65 (39.4%) | 0.2 | 58 (35.2%) | 0.2 |
| rather good (n = 307) | 192 (62.5%) | 177 (57.7%) | 126 (41.0%) | 130 (42.3%) | 130 (42.3%) | 128 (41.7%) | ||||||
| moderate/difficult to say (n = 411) | 227 (55.2%) | 207 (50.4%) | 160 (38.9%) | 148 (36.0%) | 149 (36.3%) | 154 (37.5%) | ||||||
| rather bad (n = 97) | 51 (52.6%) | 43 (44.3%) | 34 (35.1%) | 34 (35.1%) | 29 (29.9%) | 28 (28.9%) | ||||||
| bad or very bad (n = 102) | 55 (53.9%) | 49 (48.0%) | 38 (37.3%) | 34 (33.3%) | 37 (36.3%) | 40 (39.2%) | ||||||
| Variable | Numbness of Tongue, Mouth or Lip | Red or White Sores in the Oral Cavity that Do not Heal | Ear Pain | Nasal Bleeding | Persistent Stinging of the Tongue | Blocked Nose on One Side | ||||||
| n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Female (n = 569) | 221 (38.8%) | 0.001 | 180 (31.6%) | 0.06 | 149 (26.2%) | 0.2 | 143 (25.1%) | 0.3 | 122 (21.4%) | 0.01 | 70 (12.3%) | 0.7 |
| Male (n = 513) | 152 (29.6%) | 136 (26.5%) | 116 (22.6%) | 116 (22.6%) | 78 (15.2%) | 67 (13.1%) | ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| 18–34 (n = 350) | 126 (36.0%) | 0.1 | 102 (29.1%) | 0.3 | 92 (26.3%) | 0.2 | 101 (28.9%) | 0.03 | 72 (20.6%) | 0.08 | 50 (14.3%) | 0.3 |
| 35–49 (n = 286) | 86 (30.1%) | 72 (25.2%) | 62 (21.7%) | 65 (22.7%) | 43 (15.0%) | 40 (14.0%) | ||||||
| 50–64 (n = 287) | 111 (38.7%) | 89 (31.0%) | 78 (27.2%) | 66 (23.0%) | 62 (21.6%) | 33 (11.5%) | ||||||
| 65+ (n = 159) | 50 (31.4%) | 53 (33.3%) | 33 (20.8%) | 27 (17.0%) | 23 (14.5%) | 14 (8.8%) | ||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| single (n = 236) | 88 (37.3%) | 0.7 | 76 (32.2%) | 0.2 | 63 (26.7%) | 0.4 | 75 (31.8%) | 0.001 | 45 (19.1%) | 0.2 | 39 (16.5%) | 0.03 |
| married (n = 546) | 190 (34.8%) | 163 (29.9%) | 130 (23.8% | 116 (21.2%) | 112 (20.5%) | 63 (11.5%) | ||||||
| informal relationship (n = 161) | 51 (31.7%) | 46 (28.6%) | 44 (27.3%) | 42 (26.1%) | 25 (15.5%) | 26 (16.1%) | ||||||
| divorced (n = 65) | 22 (33.8%) | 18 (27.7%) | 16 (24.6%) | 18 (27.7%) | 10 (15.4%) | 5 (7.7%) | ||||||
| widowed (n = 74) | 22 (29.7%) | 13 (17.6%) | 12 (16.2%) | 8 (10.8%) | 8 (10.8%) | 4 (5.4%) | ||||||
| Children | ||||||||||||
| Yes (n = 697) | 242 (34.7%) | 0.8 | 209 (30.0%) | 0.4 | 172 (24.7%) | 0.8 | 153 (22.0%) | 0.04 | 132 (18.9%) | 0.6 | 83 (11.9%) | 0.3 |
| No (n = 385) | 131 (34.0%) | 107 (27.8%) | 93 (24.2%) | 106 (27.5%) | 68 (17.7%) | 54 (14.0%) | ||||||
| Place of residence | ||||||||||||
| rural (n = 343) | 121 (35.3%) | 0.8 | 96 (28.0%) | 0.4 | 79 (23.0%) | 0.6 | 72 (21.0%) | 0.4 | 60 (17.5%) | 0.02 | 41 (12.0%) | 0.8 |
| city with below 20,000 residents (n = 130) | 42 (32.3%) | 36 (27.7%) | 36 (27.7%) | 27 (20.8%) | 19 (14.6%) | 15 (11.5%) | ||||||
| city with from 20,000 to 99,999 residents (n = 238) | 76 (31.9%) | 63 (26.5%) | 54 (22.7%) | 61 (25.6%) | 38 (16.0%) | 28 (11.8%) | ||||||
| city with from 100,000 to 499,999 residents (n = 164) | 74 (35.7%) | 64 (30.9%) | 50 (24.2%) | 54 (26.1%) | 55 (26.6%) | 29 (14.0%) | ||||||
| city with over 500,000 residents | 60 (36.6%) | 57 (34.8%) | 46 (28.0%) | 45 (27.4%) | 28 (17.1%) | 24 (14.6%) | ||||||
| Educational level | ||||||||||||
| primary (n = 36) | 9 (25.0%) | 0.1 | 8 (22.2%) | 0.1 | 4 (11.1%) | 0.001 | 7 (19.4%) | 0.2 | 3 (8.3%) | 0.01 | 3 (8.3%) | 0.04 |
| vocational (n = 93) | 23 (24.7%) | 21 (22.6%) | 19 (20.4%) | 15 (16.1%) | 14 (15.1%) | 7 (7.5%) | ||||||
| secondary (n = 492) | 172 (35.0%) | 137 (27.8%) | 103 (20.9%) | 115 (23.4%) | 77 (15.7%) | 54 (11.0%) | ||||||
| higher (n = 461) | 169 (36.7%) | 150 (32.5%) | 139 (30.2%) | 122 (26.5%) | 106 (23.0%) | 73 (15.8%) | ||||||
| Occupational status | ||||||||||||
| active (n = 666) | 222 (33.3%) | 0.3 | 187 (28.1%) | 0.3 | 183 (27.5%) | 0.01 | 171 (25.7%) | 0.09 | 133 (20.0%) | 0.1 | 97 (14.6%) | 0.02 |
| passive (n = 416) | 151 (36.3%) | 129 (31.0%) | 82 (19.7%) | 88 (21.2%) | 67 (16.1%) | 40 (9.6%) | ||||||
| Self-reported financial situation | ||||||||||||
| good or very good (n = 165) | 58 (35.2%) | 0.4 | 48 (29.1%) | 0.2 | 45 (27.3%) | 0.6 | 45 (27.3%) | 0.2 | 35 (21.2%) | 0.4 | 18 (10.9%) | 0.3 |
| rather good (n = 307) | 109 (35.5%) | 101 (32.9%) | 78 (25.4%) | 71 (23.1%) | 62 (20.2%) | 44 (14.3%) | ||||||
| moderate/difficult to say (n = 411) | 147 (35.8%) | 121 (29.4%) | 93 (22.6%) | 100 (24.3%) | 75 (18.2%) | 48 (11.7%) | ||||||
| rather bad (n = 97) | 25 (25.8%) | 19 (19.6%) | 21 (21.6%) | 15 (15.5%) | 14 (14.4%) | 9 (9.3%) | ||||||
| bad or very bad (n = 102) | 34 (33.3%) | 27 (26.5%) | 28 (27.5%) | 28 (27.5%) | 14 (13.7%) | 18 (17.6%) | ||||||