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. 2022 Feb 6;11(3):857. doi: 10.3390/jcm11030857

Table 3.

Summary table with current major clinical, biohumoral, echocardiographic and haemodynamic parameters useful for heart failure diagnosis and follow-up.

Signs and Symptoms Circulating Biomarkers Echocardiographic Parameters Invasive Haemodynamic Parameters
  • -

    Elevated jugular venous pressure

  • -

    Pulmonary crackles

  • -

    Pulmonary oedema

  • -

    Dyspnoea

  • -

    Orthopnoea

  • -

    Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea

  • -

    Reduced exercise tolerance

  • -

    Fatigue

  • -

    Increased time to recover after exercise

  • -

    Hepatomegaly and ascites

  • -

    Ankle swelling

  • -

    Breathlessness

  • -

    Hepatojugular reflux

  • -

    Third heart sound (gallop rhythm)

  • -

    - Peripheral oedema
  • -

    BNP: >80 pg/mL (SR); > 240 pg/mL (AF)

  • -

    NT-pro-BNP: >220 pg/m; (SR); >660 pg/mL (AF)
  • -

    LVEF:

  • -

    ≥50% (HFpEF)

  • -

    41–49% (HFmrEF)

  • -

    ≤40% (HFrEF)

  • -

    FAC < 35%

  • -

    TAPSE < 17 mm

  • -

    RV S’ < 9.5 cm/s

  • -

    e’ septal: <7 cm/s

  • -

    e’ lateral: <10 cm/s

  • -

    Average E/e’: ≥15

  • -

    TR velocity: >2.8 m/s

  • -

    PASP: >35 mmHg

  • -

    LAVI: >34 mm/m2

  • -

    - LVMI: ≥149 (M) or 122 (W) g/m2 + RWT > 0.42
  • -

    LVEDP: ≥16 mmHg (at rest)

  • -

    PCWP: ≥15 mmHg (at rest)

  • -

    PCWP: ≥25 mmHg (during exercise)

  • -

    - CI < 2.0 L/min/m2

BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; NT- pro-BNP: N-terminal pro-hormone of brain natriuretic peptide; SR: sinus rhythm; AF: atrial fibrillation; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFmrEF: heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction, HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; FAC: fractional area change; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; RV S’: systolic velocity of the lateral tricuspid valve annulus; TR: tricuspid regurgitation; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; RWT: relative wall thickness; LVEDP: Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; PCWP: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; CI: cardiac index.