Figure 6.

Simplified representation of the EGFR pathway mediated by E5. HPV E5 is involved in the activation of and increase in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway depending on the ligand. Activated EGFR homodimers autophosphorylate, leading to increased activation of EGFR-related pathways such as the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. Akt can affect upregulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which consequently increases angiogenesis [113].