Table 1.
Summary of studies included in the systematic review.
| References | Study Design | Cases, No. with Lung Disease/Total No. | Controls, No. with Lung Disease/Total No. | Males, Case/Control, % | Patient Ages, Mean +/− SD, y | Age of Controls, Mean +/− SD, y | Prevalence Rate | Confounders Controlled for |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asthma | ||||||||
| Wang J et al. [12] | Meta-analysis | 1713/66,772 | 34,220/577,415 | N.A. | All ages, N.A. | All ages, N.A. | OR 1.32 (95% CI, 1.20–1.46) | Age, ethnicity |
| Augustin M et al. [13] | Retrospective cohort study | 160/1313 | 27,319/291,868 | N.A. | <18, N.A. | <18, N.A. | PR 1.34 (95% CI, 1.14–1.59) | N.A. |
| Fang HY et al. [14] | Retrospective cohort study | 420/10,288 | 1153/41,152 | 52.7/52.7 | ≥20, 43.5 ± 17.0 | ≥20, 43.2 ± 17.1 | HR 1.38 (95% CI, 1.23-1.54) | Age, sex, and comorbidities |
| Hajdarbegovic E et al. [15] | Cross-sectional study | 19/301 | 14/147 | N.A./44 | All ages, N.A. | All ages, 54 ± 15.6 | OR 1.60 (95% CI, 0.77–3.32) | N.A. |
| Lønnberg AS et al. [16] | Cross-sectional study | 151/1385 | 2,714/31,993 | N.A. | ≥20 | ≥20 | OR 1.32 (95% CI, 1.11–1.57) | Sex, age, smoking, body mass index, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| Galili E et al. [17] | Cross-sectional study | 345/3112 | 70,363/884,653 | N.A. | 16–18, N.A. | 16–18, N.A. | OR 1.44 (95% CI, 1.29–1.61) | Age, sex, BMI, socio-economic status, country of origin, and number of siblings |
| Kim SY et al. [18] | Retrospective cohort study | 196/325 | 63,751/164,963 | 44.1/44.1 | <15 | <15 | IR 3.94 (95% CI, 2.16 to 7.17) | Age, sex, income, region of residence, and comorbidity |
| Egeberg A et al. [19] | Retrospective cohort study | 87/6586 | 21,638/1,456,385 | N.A. | 6–14, N.A. | 6–14, N.A. | IRR 3.85 (95% CI, 2.15–6.90) | N.A. |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | ||||||||
| Ungprasert P et al. [20] | Meta-analysis | N.A./331,347 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | OR 1.45 (95% CI, 1.21–1.73) | N.A. |
| Li X et al. [21] | Meta-analysis | 6673/42,150 | 14,368/163,174 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | OR 1.90 (95% CI, 1.36–2.65) | N.A. |
| Wu CY et al. [22] | Case-control study | N.A./1127 | N.A./1127 | 46.3/46.3 | N.A., 53.1 | N.A., 52.5 | OR 1.68 (95% CI, 1.02–2.77) | None |
| Chiang YY et al. [23] | Retrospective cohort study | 25/2071 | 42/8342 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | HR 2.43 (95% CI, 1.48–3.98) | N.A. |
| Al-Mutairi N et al. [24] | Retrospective case-control study | 98/1835 | 74/1835 | 52.5/52.5 | N.A., 52.3 ± 11.9 | N.A., 52.7 ± 13.5 | OR 1.46 (95% CI, 1.06–2.01) | Drug, smoking status |
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | ||||||||
| Ger TY et al. [25] | Meta-analysis | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | OR 2.60 (95% CI, 1.07–6.32) | Age, sex, and body mass index |
| Saçmacı H et al. [26] | Cross-sectional study | 18/60 | 4/60 | 50/50 | N.A., 42.8 ± 13.1 | N.A., 43.6 ± 13.9 | OR 6 (95% CI, 1.89–19.04) | N.A. |
| Papadavid E et al. [27] | Case-control study | 24/27 | 229/330 | 79.2/79 | >18, 50.7 ± 13.6 | >18, 53 ± 11.8 | OR 13.31 (95% CI, 1.19–48.93) | Age, sex, overweight/obesity, central obesity, comorbidity, and smoking status |
| Shalom G et al. [28] | Case-control study | 327/12,336 | 369/24,008 | 52.2/50.4 | >20, 55.6 ± 16.3 | >20, 54.0 ± 17.1 | OR 1.27, 95% CI, 1.08–1.49 | Age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, and comorbidity |
| Papadavid E et al. [29] | Cross-sectional study | 19/35 | N.A. | 65.7/N.A. | N.A., 48.9 ± 13.06 | N.A. | N.A. | Age, sex, body mass index, comorbidity, and smoking status |
| Yang YW et al. [30] | Cohort study | 11/2258 | 25/11,255 | 62.6/62.6 | 18–59, N.A. | 18–59, N.A. | 30 (95% CI = 1.13–4.69) | Patients’ monthly incomes, geographic location, urbanization level, and obesity |
| Pulmonary Atrial Hypertension | ||||||||
| Choi YM et al. [31] | Retrospective cohort study | 221/13,936 | 817/69,360 | 48.1/48.1 | N.A. 57.1 ± 14.86 in mild psoriasis group, 52.4 ± 13.68 in severe psoriasis group | N.A. 57.6 ± 14.84 in mild psoriasis group, 52.9 ± 13.67 in severe psoriasis group | 1.25 (1.05–1.49) in mild psoriasis group, 1.55 (1.16–2.06) in severe psoriasis group | Age, sex, comorbidity, and medications |
| Interstitial Lung Disease | ||||||||
| Ishikawa G et al. [32] | Case series study | 21/N.A. | 426/N.A. | 66.7/N.A. | ≥20, 66 ± 20 | ≥20, N.A. | N.A. | Age, sex, comorbidity, body mass index, smoking, and medications |
| Gupta R et al. [33] | Case report | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
| Sarcoidosis | ||||||||
| Khalid U et al. [34] | Cohort study | 100/70,125 | 9717/5,973,393 | 48.3/49.5 | ≥10, 42.2 ± 18.3 in mild psoriasis group, 41.0 ± 16.6 in severe psoriasis group | ≥10, 37.0 ± 21.8 | IR 1.18 (CI, 1.15–1.20) | Age, sex, comorbidity, concomitant medications, and socioeconomic status |
N.A. = not available/not applicable; OR = odds ratio; PR = prevalence ratio; HR = hazard ratio; IR = incidence ratio; and IRR = incidence rate ratio.