Table 1.
Baseline characteristics a.
| Characteristic | Previous Coxiella burnetii Infection | p-Value b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total n = 629 |
With n = 117 (18.6%) |
Without n = 512 (81.4%) |
||
| Age in years (mean, SD) | 68.0 ± 12.5 | 67.46 ± 11.2 | 68.07 ± 12.7 | 0.635 |
| Male sex (n, %) | 412 (65.5%) | 83 (70.9%) | 329 (64.3%) | 0.170 |
| uCCI (median, IQR) | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 0.579 |
| BMI (mean, SD) | 28.5 ± 5.1 | 29.27 ± 5.0 | 28.35 ± 5.1 | 0.090 |
| Medical history: | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease (n, %) | 250 (39.7%) | 52 (44.4%) | 198 (38.7%) | 0.250 |
| Chronic lung disease (n, %) |
111 (17.6%) | 23 (19.7%) | 88 (17.2%) | 0.527 |
| Diabetes mellitus (n, %) |
141 (22.4%) | 30 (25.6%) | 111 (21.7%) | 0.354 |
| Immunocompromised state (n, %) | 72 (11.4%) | 9 (7.7%) | 63 (12.3%) | 0.123 |
| Lymphoma (n, %) | 9 (1.4%) | 0 (-) | 9 (1.8%) | 0.222 |
| Leukemia (n, %) | 10 (1.6%) | 4 (3.4%) | 6 (1.2%) | 0.157 |
| Malignancy (n, %) | 85 (13.5%) | 18 (15.4%) | 67 (13.1%) | 0.512 |
| With metastasis (n, %) | 8 (2.5%) | 2 (1.7%) | 6 (1.2%) | 0.646 |
| Nursing home (n, %) | 16 (2.5%) | 3 (2.6%) | 13 (2.5%) | 1.000 |
| ED presentation | ||||
| Oxygen suppletion (n, %) |
435 (69.2%) | 79 (67.5%) | 356 (69.5%) | 0.671 |
| MEWS (median, IQR) | 2.0 (2.0–4.0) | 2.0 (2.0–4.0) | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | 0.796 |
| (Hydroxy)chloroquine treatment (n, %) | 387 (61.5%) | 75 (64.1%) | 312 (60.9%) | 0.526 |
| Complaints at presentation | ||||
| Dyspnea (n, %) | 441 (70.1%) | 93 (79.5%) | 348 (68.0%) | 0.014 |
| Cough (n, %) | 411 (65.3%) | 76 (65.0%) | 335 (65.4%) | 0.932 |
| Thoracic pain (n, %) | 59 (9.4%) | 10 (8.5%) | 49 (9.6%) | 0.732 |
Abbreviations: n: number, SD: standard deviation, uCCI: updated Charlson comorbidity index, IQR: inter quartile range, BMI: body mass index, ED: emergency department, MEWS: modified early warning score. a Binary variables are presented as absolute numbers and percentages, continuous variables are presented as mean with standard deviation for normally distributed variables and median with interquartile range (IQR) for the non-normally distributed. b p-values were calculated using Pearson’s chi square test or Fisher’s Exact test to compare proportions between groups. An independent sample t-test was used to compare means for normally distributed continuous variables and a Mann–Whitney U test for non-normally distributed continuous variables.