Table 2.
Comparison of serum parameters between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients with cirrhosis.
| Variables * | Normal Range | COVID (n = 46) | % Outside Normality | Non-COVID (n = 196) | % Outside Normality | p-Value ** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Complete blood count | ||||||
| RBC (millions/mm3) | 4.35–5.65 | 3.31 ^ (1.5) | 70.4% | 3.39 ^ (1.3) | 67.2% | 0.301 |
| PLT (thousands/mm3) | 150–450 | 94 ^ (116) | 75.1% | 90 ^ (98) | 71.0% | 0.442 |
| WBC (thousands/mm3) | 4.5–11.0 | 12.2 ^ (7.3) | 48.1% | 4.6 (2.6) | 22.4% | <0.001 |
| Neutrophils (thousands/mm3) | 1.5–8.0 | 5.0 (5.3) | 16.1% | 3.8 (4.0) | 20.7% | 0.056 |
| Monocytes (thousands/mm3) | 0.1–1.0 | 0.4 (0.5) | 7.8% | 0.6 (0.3) | 9.2% | 0.840 |
| Eosinophils (units/mm3) | 30–300 | 142 (96) | 2.2% | 173 (101) | 4.9% | 0.727 |
| Lymphocytes (thousands/mm3) | 1.0–4.8 | 6.9 ^ (6.2) | 63.6% | 2.5 (3.6) | 38.8% | <0.001 |
| Hb (g/dL) | 13.0–17.0 | 11.8 ^ (4.6) | 67.2% | 12.0 ^ (5.2) | 65.6% | 0.882 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 36–48 | 37 (12) | 22.4% | 39 (13) | 20.5% | 0.904 |
| Ferritin (µg/L) | 24–336 | 479 ^ (301) | 88.1% | 355 ^ (205) | 52.2% | <0.001 |
| Haptoglobin (mg/dL) | 41–165 | 72 (52) | 35.3% | 79 (64) | 31.6% | 0.651 |
| Mean corpuscular volume (fL) | 80–96 | 88 (94) | 32.7% | 85 (91) | 34.5% | 0.629 |
| Liver function tests | ||||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 60–125 | 146 ^ (84) | 73.5% | 128 ^ (80) | 62.4% | 0.024 |
| ALT (U/L) | 7–35 | 57 ^ (42) | 68.2% | 44 ^ (35) | 54.7% | 0.049 |
| AST (U/L) | 10–40 | 43 ^ (36) | 35.5% | 36 (30) | 28.0% | 0.063 |
| ALP (U/L) | 40–130 | 141 ^ (110) | 53.6% | 138 ^ (106) | 48.4% | 0.474 |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 3.4–5.4 | 3.6 (1.2) | 15.3% | 3.8 (1.4) | 12.9% | 0.703 |
| Total proteins (g/dL) | 6.0–8.3 | 6.2 (3.5) | 17.8% | 6.1 (2.3) | 17.1% | 0.936 |
| Total bilirubin (g/dL) | 0.3–1.2 | 1.5 ^ (1.6) | 52.0% | 1.4 ^ (1.2) | 48.3% | 0.522 |
| GGT (U/L) | 0–30 | 48 ^ (34) | 73.1% | 46 ^ (30) | 66.5% | 0.162 |
| LDH (U/L) | 140–280 | 245 (144) | 23.5% | 267 (151) | 26.8% | 0.329 |
| PT (seconds) | 11.0–13.5 | 13.9 ^ (7.5) | 40.3% | 11.2 (4.2) | 24.6% | 0.008 |
| APTT (seconds) | 30–40 | 39 (12) | 23.6% | 36 (8) | 13.0% | 0.101 |
| Nutritional deficiency | ||||||
| Iron (µg/dL) | 60–170 | 64 (32) | 37.4% | 62 (32) | 38.9% | 0.946 |
| Folate (nmol/mL) | 2.7–17.0 | 2.9 (2.0) | 31.0% | 3.0 (2.1) | 32.4% | 0.951 |
| Vitamin B12 (pg/mL) | 160–950 | 167 (237) | 44.6% | 171 (222) | 40.3% | 0.704 |
| Vitamin B6 (µg/L) | 5–50 | 8 (11) | 35.5% | 8 (14) | 36.9% | 0.892 |
| Thiamine (µg/dL) | 2.5–7.5 | 2.4 ^ (3.1) | 59.6% | 2.6 (2.3) | 48.3% | 0.041 |
| Kidney function tests | ||||||
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 0.74–1.35 | 1.54 ^ (2.62) | 68.7% | 1.31 (1.50) | 50.7% | <0.001 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 2.1–8.5 | 14 ^ (16) | 75.5% | 11 ^ (11) | 62.2% | 0.002 |
| Urinary albumin (mg/g) | 0–30 | 42 ^ (13) | 62.6% | 40 ^ (10) | 59.3% | 0.776 |
| GFR | >60 | 49 ^ (32) | 73.0% | 56 ^ (26) | 64.9% | 0.055 |
| Lipid profile | ||||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 100–200 | 101.5 (60.3) | 52.7% | 112 (54.6) | 48.6% | 0.266 |
| Triglycerides | 50–150 | 66.4 (41.7) | 17.3% | 69.2 (39.4) | 15.1% | 0.826 |
| VLDL-C (mg/dL) | 2–30 | 17.1 (9.5) | 7.2% | 18.2 (9.0) | 7.6% | 0.943 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | <100 | 79.2 (36.8) | 11.6% | 76.1 (38.4) | 9.9% | 0.794 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 40–60 | 34.0 ^ (19.3) | 35.4% | 39.5 ^ (21.4) | 27.4% | 0.057 |
| HCV viral load (U/L × 103) | <15 | 38,402 (35,195) | 100% | 29,365 (24,392) | 100% | <0.001 |
* Data reported as median (IQR), unless specified differently; ** Mann–Whitney U-test; ^ median value outside the normal range.