Figure 7.

TLR-9 inhibitors attenuated macrophage inflammatory responses against bacteria-free DNA and the impact of TLR-9 on bacteria-free DNA-induced inflammation. Characteristics of macrophages after activation by media control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), bacteria-free DNA (DNA), and LPS with the DNA (LPS + DNA) with incubation by media (Control) or endosomal acidification inhibitors, chloroquine (CQ) or monensin, as indicated by supernatant cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10) (A–C) and expression of inflammatory genes (NFκB and TLR-4) (D,E) are demonstrated (independent triplicated experiments were performed). *, p < 0.05 vs. all of other groups; #, p < 0.05 vs. macrophages with DNA in the control group; ϕ, p < 0.05 vs. macrophages with media control within each group of the experiments; the difference between groups was determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s analysis.