Figure 9.

Conclusion of the experiments on mouse models and macrophages with the key massages (at the bottom part of the figure). Accordingly, (i) CLP (bacteria-free DNA possibly originated from the death of bacteria in blood and gut-barrier defect); (ii) DSS mucositis with oral gavage by bacterial lysate (bacteria-free DNA in blood was transferred from the gut); (iii) LPS with and without bacteria-free DNA injection (the importance of bacteria-free DNA in blood on the induction of LPS hyper-inflammatory responses); and (iv) the synergy between LPS and bacteria-free DNA on macrophage responses and the attenuation by TLR-9 blockage. Figure created using Biorender (https://biorender.com/, accessed on 29 January 2022).