Table 1.
Demographics, HIV-1 infection and antiretroviral exposure parameters.
| Parameter | HIV-1-Infected Patients | p-Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls | Naive | HALS− | HALS+ | ||
| (n = 34) | (n = 49) | (n = 43) | (n = 60) | ||
| Age, years | 40 (39–42) | 37 (31–42) | 43 (39–49) | 45 (41–49) | <0.0001 |
| Sex, male % | 25 (73.5) | 42 (85.7) | 33 (76.7) | 60 (43.6) | 0.4930 |
| Means of transmission, % | <0.0001 | ||||
| HTSX, % | ---- | 15 (30.6) | 15 (34.9) | 23 (38.3) | |
| IDU, % | ---- | 2 (4.1) | 11 (25.6) | 23 (38.3) | |
| MsM, % | ---- | 32 (65.3) | 17 (39.5) | 14 (23.3) | |
| Years of infection | ---- | 2 (1–3) | 12 (7–17.7) | 14 (10–16) | <0.0001 |
| AIDS, % | ---- | 4 (8.1) | 13 (30.2) | 29 (48.3) | <0.0001 |
| HCV infection, % | 0 (0) | 6 (12.2) | 14 (32.5) | 27 (45.0) | 0.0034 |
| HBV infection, % | 0 (0) | 3 (6.1) | 2 (4.6) | 5 (8.3) | 0.3823 |
| CD4 count /mm3 | ---- | 414 (329–606) | 684 (409–908) | 609 (381–839) | 0.0104 |
| CD4 nadir/mm3 | ---- | 364 (256–490) | 161 (82–409) | 119 (22–361) | <0.0001 |
| CD8 count/mm3 | ---- | 826 (540–1298) | 936 (763–1088) | 790 (599–1169) | 0.7098 |
| Serum viral load, log10 | ---- | 4.4 (3.6–5.4) | 2.0 (1.3–2.5) | 2.1 (1.3–2.9) | <0.0001 |
| Undetectable viral load, % | ---- | 0 (0) | 35 (81.4) | 48 (80.0) | <0.0001 |
| Baseline viral load, log10 | ---- | 5.1 (4.2–5.5) | 5.1 (4.4–5.6) | 5.2 (4.0–5.6) | 0.9045 |
| Antiretroviral drug exposure | |||||
| NRTI, m | ---- | ---- | 197 (149–236) | 226 (187–265) | <0.0001 |
| TDF in current regimen, % | ---- | ---- | 25 (58.1) | 29 (48.3) | 0.3251 |
| NNRTI, m | ---- | ---- | 35 (2–52) | 51 (26–69) | 0.0019 |
| PI, m | ---- | ---- | 47 (22–69) | 48 (26–75) | 0.5208 |
| PI in current regimen | ---- | ---- | 25 (59.6) | 15 (30.6) | 0.0400 |
| NNRTI in current regimen | ---- | ---- | 23 (40.3) | 34 (69.3) | |
HALS = HIV/cART-associated lipodystrophy syndrome, HTSX = heterosexual, IDU = intravenous drug user, m = months, MsM = men who have sex with men, AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, HCV = hepatitis C virus, HBV = hepatitis B virus, NRTI = nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, TDF = tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, NNRTI = non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, PI = protease inhibitor.