TABLE 1.
Proapoptotic effects of monomers from natural products on breast cancer cells.
| Monomers | Chemical structure | Detail mechanisms | Cell model | Refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mitochondrial pathway–mediated apoptosis | |||||
| Ganoderic acid DM (50 µM) |
|
Cleaved PARP, γ-H2AX | CDK2, CDK6, p-Rb, CytoC | MCF-7 | Wu et al. (2012) |
| 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (100 µM) |
|
CytoC, activated caspase-9, Bax | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 | Sharma et al. (2012) |
| Apigenin (10, 20, 40, 80 μM) |
|
p53, p21, Bax, p-Cdc2, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP | Bcl-2, cyclin B1, Cdc2 | T47D | Liu et al. (2012) |
| Stevioside (10 µM) |
|
Bax, Caspase-9 | Bcl-2 | MCF7 | Paul et al. (2012) |
| Amentoflavone (250 µM) |
|
Bax, p53 | Bid | MCF-7 | Pei et al. (2012) |
| Calycosin (25, 50, 100 µM) |
|
Bax | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 | Tian et al. (2013) |
| Thymoquinon (with 12.30 ± 0.62 μM in MDA-MB-468 with 18.06 ± 0.71 μM in T-47D) |
|
p27, Bax, CytoC, pro–caspase-3, cleaved PARP | Cyclin D1, cyclin E, Bcl-2, BclXL, survivin, p-PDK1, p-PTEN, p-Akt, p-GSK-3β, p-Bad, 4E-BP1, eIF4E, p-S6R, p-p70S6K | MDA-MB-468 T-47D | Rajput et al. (2013) |
| Embelin (40, 80 µg/mL) |
|
Bax, CytoC, caspase-3, caspase-9 | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 | Li et al. (2013) |
| l-Carvone (0.3–2.4 mM) |
|
p53, Bad, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP | MCF-7 | MDA-MB-231 | Patel and Thakkar, (2014) |
| Oleuropein (100, 200 μM) |
|
p53, Bax | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 | Hassan et al. (2014) |
| Ursolic acid (20, 40, 80 μmol/L) |
|
p16, p27, activated caspase-3, activated caspase-9 | MDA-MB-231 | Ma and Sun, (2014) | |
| 3β, 6β, 16β-trihydroxylup-20 (29)-ene (TTHL) (0.5, 1.36, 3.70 μg/mL) |
|
Cleaved caspase-9, ROS | MCF-7 | Viau et al. (2014) | |
| Dioscin (1, 2, 4, 6,8 μM) |
|
Cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP | Bcl-2, cIAP-1, Mcl-1 | MDA-MB-231 | Kim et al. (2014) |
| Emodin (10, 40 µM) |
|
Cleaved caspase-3, PARP, p53, Bax | Bcl-2 | Bcap-37 ZR-75-30 | Zu et al. (2015) |
| Gaillardin (1, 10, 100 mM) |
|
Bax, p53 | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 MDA-MB-468 | Fallahian et al. (2015) |
| Sesamin (1, 10, 50 μM) |
|
Bax, caspase-3, p53 | MCF-7 | Siao et al. (2015) | |
| 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (0–60 ml) |
|
Bax, cleaved PARP, p53 | Bcl-2, CytoC, cyclin D1, CDK4 | MCF-7 | Zhang et al. (2018a) |
| 4-Methylthiobutyl isothiocyanate (2.5, 5, 10, 20 μM) |
|
Cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3 | PARP | MDA-MB-231 MCF-7 | Li et al. (2015) |
| Paratocarpin E (10, 20, 30, 40 μM) |
|
Cleaved caspase-8, cleaved caspase-9, Bax, CytoC | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 | Gao et al. (2016) |
| Arecoline (10, 30, 50, 100, 300, 500 μmol/L) |
|
p53, Bax | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 | Feng et al. (2016) |
| Amygdalin (10, 20, 40 mg/mL) |
|
Bax, activated caspase-3, cleaved PARP, p-p38 | Bcl-2 | Hs578T | Lee and Moon, (2016) |
| Osthole (25, 50, 100 μmol/L) |
|
Bax, p53, p21, CytoC | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 | Zhang and Zhu, (2016) |
| Cordycepin (50, 100 μM) |
|
Cleaved caspase-8, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, Bax | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 | Wang et al. (2016) |
| Violacein (0.45, 4.5 μM) |
|
Bax, p53, caspase-3, Fas, FADD | Bcl-2, MDM2 | MCF-7 | Alshatwi et al. (2016) |
| Berberine (5, 10, 20, 40 µg/mL) |
|
Cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, Bax, CytoC | Bcl-2 | BT549 MDA-MB-231 | Zhao et al. (2017) |
| Liriodenine (0.1, 1, 10 µM) |
|
p53 | Bcl-2, cyclin D1 | MCF-7 | Li et al. (2017b) |
| Polyphyllin I (8 μM) |
|
Cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP | MDA-MB-231 | Li et al. (2017a) | |
| Clematis hederagenin saponin (0.08, 0.4, 2, 10 µg/mL) |
|
Caspase-3, caspase-9 | Apaf-1, CytoC | MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 | Cheng et al. (2018) |
| Kaempferol (50 μmol/L) |
|
Cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, p-A TM | MDA-MB-231 cells | Zhu and Xue, (2019) | |
| Diosgenin (5, 10, 20, 40 µM) |
|
CytoC, cleaved caspase-9 | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 Hs578T | Liao et al. (2019) |
| Baicalein (50, 100 µM) |
|
Bax, CytoC, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3 | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 | Liu et al. (2019) |
| Allicin (20, 45 µM) |
|
Activated caspase-3, activated caspase-8, activated caspase-9 NOXA, p21, Bak | BclXL | MCF-7 HCC-70 | Rosas-Gonzalez et al. (2020) |
| Diosmetin (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 μm/L) |
|
p53, Bax, caspase-3 | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 | Wang et al. (2020) |
| Arnidiol (60 μM) |
|
PARP, cleaved caspase-3 | MDA-MB-231 | Hu et al. (2020) | |
| Catechol (10, 40, 80 μM) |
|
p-H2AX, p-ATM, p-ATR, cleaved caspase -9, cleaved caspase-3, Bax | BclXL, Bcl-2 | MDA-MB-231 | Vazhappilly et al. (2021) |
| Resveratrol (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 μM) |
|
Cleaved PARP1, cleaved caspase-3 | PCNA, Bcl-2 | MDA-MB-231 | Liang et al. (2021) |
| Cepharanthine (2 μM) |
|
Cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP | MDA-MB-231 | Shen et al. (2021) | |
| Dehydrocostuslactone (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100 μmol/L) |
|
Bax, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3 | Bcl-2 | SK-BR-3 | Ma et al. (2021) |
| FasL-Fas–mediated apoptosis | |||||
| Icariside II (25, 50, 75 µM) |
|
CytoC, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase-7, cleaved caspase-8, Fas, FADD, BclXL, Bax, Bim | MCF7 | Huang et al. (2012) | |
| Gambogenic acid (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 µg/mL) |
|
Fas, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8, cleaved caspase-9, Bax | Bcl-2 | MDA-MB-231 | Zhou et al. (2013) |
| Genistein (0, 5, 10, 20 μmol/L) |
|
FADD, cleaved caspase-8, FasL | MDA-MB-231 | Wang et al. (2013a) | |
| α-Mangostin (1, 2, 3, 4 μM) |
|
Cleaved PARP, Bax | Fas, Bcl-2, p-Fak | MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 | Li et al. (2014) |
| Fraxetin (20, 40, 60 µM) |
|
Fas, FasL, Bax | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 | Liu et al. (2017a) |
| Pulveraven A (50,100 µM) |
|
FADD, cleaved caspase-7, cleaved caspase-8, cleaved PARP, Bax | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 | Lee et al. (2021) |
| PI3K/AKT pathway–mediated apoptosis | |||||
| 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (100 µM) |
|
CytoC, activated caspase-9, Bax | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 | Sharma et al. (2012) |
| Fangchinoline (5, 10, 20 μmol/L) |
|
p-PI3K, p-Akt, p-mTOR | MDA-MB-231 | Zhang et al. (2017) | |
| Cucurbitacin E (100–200 nM) |
|
Cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP | Cyclin D1, survivin, Mcl-1, XIAP, Bcl-2, p-STAT3, p-ERK, p-AKT | MDA-MB-468 | Kong et al. (2014) |
| Lycopene (100 μM) |
|
Cleaved PARP, p21, Bax | p-Akt, p-mTOR, cyclin D1 | MDA-MB-468 | Takeshima et al. (2014) |
| Piperlongumine (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 μM) |
|
Bax, CytoC | p-Akt, p70S6K1, 4EBP1, cyclin D1, Bcl-2, p53 | MDA-MB-231 | Shrivastava et al. (2014) |
| d-Rhamnose β hederin (20, 30, 40 μg/mL) |
|
p-PI3K, p-Akt | MDA-MB-231 MCF-7 | Cheng et al. (2014) | |
| Genistein (0, 20, 40, 80 μM) |
|
Bax | p-Akt, Bcl-2 | MCF-7 | Chen et al. (2015b) |
| Isorhamnetin (10 μM) |
|
Bax, cleaved caspase-3 | p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-MEK1/2, p-ERK1/2, Bcl-2, BclXL | MCF7 MDA-MB-468 | Hu et al. (2015) |
| Calycosin (80 μM) |
|
p-Akt, HOTAIR | MCF-7 | Chen et al. (2015c) | |
| Ramentaceone (5, 10, 15 μM) |
|
Bax, Bak, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP | PI3K p85, p-PI3K, p-Akt (Ser473), Bcl-2 | BT47 SKBR3 MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 | Kawiak and Lojkowska, (2016) |
| Ginsenoside Rg3 (100 ng/mL) |
|
p-Akt, MGBA | MDA-MB-231 | Peng et al. (2016) | |
| α-Mangostin (15, 30 μM) |
|
Cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9 | Bcl-2, Mcl-1 | T47D | Kritsanawong et al. (2016) |
| Cepharanthine (with 10 µM in MCF-7 cells, with 6 µM in MDA-MB-231 cells) |
|
Bax, Bad, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9 | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 | Gao et al. (2017) |
| Baicalein (10, 20, 40 µM) |
|
IκB | p-Akt, p-mTOR, NF-κB, p-IκB | MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 | Yan et al. (2018) |
| Fisetin (20μM, 40μM, 80 μM) |
|
Bax, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 | p-PI3K, p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-P70 | 4T1 | SUN et al. (2018) |
| Stachydrine hydrochloride (5, 20, 50, 100, 200 µM) |
|
Cleaved caspase-3 | Bcl-2, p-Akt, p-ERK | MCF-7 T47D | Wang et al. (2017) |
| Paris saponins (XA2) (1.25, 2.5, 5 µM) |
|
p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-P70S6K | MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 | Xie et al. (2017) | |
| Ginsenoside Rg5 (10, 20 mg/kg) |
|
Ras, cleaved caspase-8, cleaved caspase-9, Bax, CytoC | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 | Liu and Fan, (2018) |
| 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (15, 30, 60 µM) |
|
p-PTEN, p53 | p-Akt (Thr308), p-Akt (Ser473), p-mTOR (Ser2448), p-FoxO1 (Ser256), p-MDM2 (Ser166), p-NF-κB, p65 (Ser536), p-GSK-3β (Ser9), p27kip1, CytoC | MCF-7 | Zhang et al. (2018a) |
| Galangin (20, 40, 80, 160 μmol/L) |
|
Bax, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-8, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved Bid, Bad, p21, p27, p53 | Bcl-2, p-PI3K, p-Akt, cyclin D3, cyclin B1, CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 | MCF-7 | Liu et al. (2018b) |
| Tetramethylpyrazine (800, 1,600, 3,200 µM) |
|
Cleaved caspase-3 | p-Akt | MDA-MB-231 | Shen et al. (2018) |
| Daucosterol linoleate (25, 50, 100 mg/mL) |
|
Cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-7, cleaved caspase-8, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved PARP-1, Bax, Bad | BclXL, Bcl-2, XIAP | MCF-7 | Han et al. (2018) |
| Cannabidiol (1–7 µM) |
|
PPARγ | mTOR, cyclin D1 | MDA-MB-231 T-47D | Sultan et al. (2018) |
| Crambescidin 800 (0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10,15, 20 µM) |
|
p21 | Cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK6 | T11 SUM159PT | Shrestha et al. (2018) |
| Eupatorin (5 μg/mL) |
|
Bak1, HIF1A, Bax, Bad, CytoC, SMAC/Diablo, activated caspase-9, activated caspase-8, Rb-Raf-1, GSK-3β | Akt (pan), p-PDK1 | MDA-MB-231 | Razak et al. (2019) |
| Kaempferol (25, 50, 100 μmol/L) |
|
p-PI3K, p-AKT, p-GSK-3β | SUM190 | Zhao et al. (2019) | |
| Curcumin (10, 30 µM) |
|
p21, Bax, cleaved caspase-3 | CDC25, CDC2, Bcl-2 | T47D MCF-7 | Hu et al. (2018) |
| Ginsenoside Rk1 (40, 80, 120 µM) |
|
Bax, CytoC, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8, cleaved caspase-9 | Bcl-2 | MDA-MB-231 | Hong and Fan, (2019) |
| Parthenolide (5, 10 μmol/L) |
|
Caspase-3 | Bcl-2 | MDA-MB-231 MCF-7 | Han et al. (2019) |
| Flavopereirine (5, 10, 15 μM) |
|
Cyclin D1, cyclin E1, p21, 27, activated caspase-3, activated caspase-9, cleaved PARP, p-ERK1/2, p38 | Cyclin A2, CDK-2, BclxL, cleaved caspase-8 | MDA-MB-231 | Yeh et al. (2019) |
| Avicularin (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 μmol/L) |
|
PI3K, p-PI3K, AKT, p-Akt, Bcl-2, BclXL, CDK2 | MDA-MB-231 | Yu et al. (2020) | |
| Magnoflorine (1.25, 2.5, 5 μM) and Doxorubicin (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 μM) |
|
p21, p53, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, Beclin-1, LC3-I | CDK1, CDK2, cyclin B1, Bcl-2, p62 | MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 | Wei et al. (2020) |
| Erianin (40, 80, 160 nM) |
|
p21, p27, PARP, Bax, caspase-3, caspase-9 | CDK1, cyclin B1, p-PI3K, p-Akt | MDA-MB-231 EFM-192A cell | Xu et al. (2021) |
| MAPK pathway–mediated apoptosis | |||||
| Formononetin (25, 50, 100 µM) |
|
Bax, Ras, Raf, p-p38 | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 | Chen and Sun, (2012) |
| Genipin (0.05, 0.1, 1 mM) |
|
Bax, activated caspase-3, p38, p-JNK | Bcl-2 | MDA-MB-231 | Kim et al. (2012) |
| Tetramethylpyrazine (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 mg/mL) |
|
p-p38, p-JNK | p-ERK | MCF7 | Lai et al. (2016) |
| Deoxypodophyllotoxin (101–104 ng/mL) |
|
Cleaved caspase-3, ERK1/2, IkB-α | p-ERK | MB231 | Benzina et al. (2015) |
| Emodin (20, 40, 80 μmol/mL) |
|
AP-1 | MCF-7 | Fan et al. (2015) | |
| Quercetin (40 μM) |
|
p21 | Cyclin D1, Twist, p-p38 | MCF-7 | Ranganathan et al. (2015) |
| Quercetin (20 μM) |
|
FasL, GADD45, p53, p21, p-JNK, translocation of Foxo3a | MDA-MB-231 | Nguyen et al. (2017) | |
| Isocryptotanshinone (2.5, 5, 10 μM) |
|
Bsx, Bak, cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, p-JNK, p-ERK, p-p38 | Bcl-2, BclXL | MCF-7 | Zhang et al. (2015a) |
| Gallic acid (5, 25, 50 µM) |
|
p21Cip1, p27Kip1, activated caspase-9, activated caspase-3 | Cyclin D1/CDK4, cyclin E/CDK2 | MDA-MB-231 | Lee et al. (2017) |
| Sophoraflavanone G (5, 10, 15, 20, 30 µM) |
|
Cleaved caspase-8, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9 | Bcl-2, BclXL | MDA-MB-231 | Huand et al. (2019) |
| Cardamonin (CD) (20 µM) |
|
Foxo3a, p27, p21, Bim, p-JNK, cleaved caspase-3 | Cyclin D1 | MDA-MB 231 MCF-7 | Kong et al. (2019) |
| Silymarin (100, 200 µg/mL) |
|
Bax, cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase-9, p-JNK | Bcl-2, p-p38, p-ERK1/2 | MDA-MB-231 MCF-7 | Kim et al. (2021) |
| NF-κB–mediated apoptosis | |||||
| Oridonin (20 µM) |
|
Bax, cleaved PARP, Fas, PPARγ | Bcl-2, caspase-8, NF-κB (p65), IKKα, IKKβ, p-mTOR | MDA-MB-231 MCF-7 | Wang et al. (2013b) |
| Delphintin (10, 20, 40, 80, 160 μmol/L) |
|
IκBα, IKKα, IKKβ, PKCα | p-NF-κB/p65, p-IκBα, p-IKKα/β, p-PKCα | MDA-MB-453 BT-474 | Wu et al. (2018a) |
| Chrysophanol (5, 10, 20 µM) |
|
p27, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP | Cyclin D1, cyclin E, Bcl-2, p65, IκB | MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 | Ren et al. (2018) |
| Capsaicin (100, 150 μmol/L) |
|
Bax, cleaved caspase-3 | FBI-1, Ki-67, Bcl-2, survivin | MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 | Chen et al. (2021) |
| ROS-mediated apoptosis | |||||
| Vernodalin (3.125, 6.25, 12.5 µg/mL) |
|
CytoC, cleaved PARP, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-7, cleaved caspase-9 | Bcl-2, BclxL, MMP | MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 | Looi et al. (2013) |
| Ziyuglycoside II (2.5, 10, 40 µM) |
|
p21/WAF1, p-Cdc25C, p-Cdc2 | Cdc25C, Cdc2, cyclin A, cyclin B1 | MDA-MB-231 MCF-7 | Zhu et al. (2014) |
| Fucoidan (0.2–1 mg/mL) |
|
Caspase-8, CytoC, Bax | Cyclin D1, CDK-4, Bcl-2 | MCF-7 | Banafa et al. (2013) |
| Berberine (50 μM) |
|
Bax, ROS, p-JNK, CytoC, AIF, activated caspase-3 | Bcl-2 | MDA-MB-231 MCF-7 | Xie et al. (2015) |
| Geraniin (5, 10, 25 μM) |
|
Cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase-3 | Bcl-2, p-ERK1/2, p-Akt, p-p38 | MCF-7 | Zhai et al. (2016) |
| Hyperoside (25, 50, 100 µM) |
|
Bax, cleaved caspase-3 | Bcl-2, XIAP | MCF-7 cells 4T1 cells | Qiu et al. (2019) |
| Crocin (0.5–6 mM) |
|
Foxo3a, Bim, PTEN, activated caspase-3, BAX | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 | Nasimian et al. (2020) |
| Tetrandrine (51 μM) |
|
Activated caspase-8, activated caspase-9, activated caspase-3 | MDA-MB-231 | N et al. (2019) | |
| (−)-Epicatechin (350 μM) |
|
Bad, Bax | MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 | Pereyra-Vergara et al. (2020) | |
| Formononetin (8, 16, 32, 64, 128 μmol/L) |
|
Bax, cleaved caspase-3 | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 | Jia et al. (2020) |
| JAK-STAT3–mediated apoptosis | |||||
| Apigenin (0, 20, 40, 60 μM) |
|
Cleaved caspase-8, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP | p-JAK2, p-STAT3 | MDA-MB-453 (HER2-overexpressing) | Seo et al. (2014) |
| Berberine (10, 20, 40 μg/mL) |
|
Bax, cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase-3 | p-JAK2, p-STAT3, Bcl-2 | MCF-7 | Zhang et al. (2015b) |
| 7β-(3-Ethyl-cis-crotonoyloxy)-1α-(2-methylbutyryloxy)-3,14-dehydro-Z-notonipetranone (2.5, 5, 10 µM) |
|
Cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8, cleaved PARP | p-STAT3 (Tyr705), p-JAK1, p-JAK2, p-Src, Bcl-2, COX-2, cyclin D1 | MDA-MB-231 | Jang et al. (2019) |
| Curcumol (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 μg/mL) |
|
p-JAK2, p-STAT3 | MCF-7 | Ma et al. (2020) | |
| Saikosaponin D (0, 5, 10, 20 μmol/L) |
|
JAK2, STAT3, Ki-67 | MCF-7 | Feng et al. (2021) | |
| Endoplasmic reticulum stress–mediated apoptosis | |||||
| Fucoxanthin (10, 20, 40 μmol/L) |
|
Bax, activated caspase-4, activated caspase-7, activated caspase-9, CytoC | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 | Hou et al. (2014) |
| Oleandrin (with 14.5 nM in MCF-7, with 24.62 nM in MDA-MB-231) |
|
Bax, Bim, IF2α, ATF4, CHOP, p-PERK, p-eIF2α | Bcl-2 | MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 | Li et al. (2020) |
| Salviaflaside (0.1, 1, 10 μmol/L) |
|
GRP78, ATF4, CHOP, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, cleaved caspase-3 | Bcl-2/Bax | MDA-MB-231 | Wu et al. (2018b) |
| Other pathways–mediated apoptosis | |||||
| Curcumin (30 µmol/mL) |
|
pERK1/2, pEGFR | MDA-MB-231 | Sun et al. (2012) | |
| Ursolic acid (10, 20, 30 µmol/L) |
|
FOXM1, cyclin D1, CDK4 | MCF-7 | Wang et al. (2012) | |
| Triptolide (10, 25, 50 nM) |
|
β-Catenin | MDA-MB-231 BT-474 | Shao et al. (2014) | |
| Calycosin (10, 50, 100 μL) |
|
p53, Cleaved caspase-3 | SIRT1 | MCF-7 | Fang et al. (2015) |
| Gambogic acid lysinate (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, 4.00, 8.00 μmol/L) |
|
Cleaved caspase-3 | SIRT1 | MCF-7 | Wei et al. (2015) |
| Icariin (10, 25, 50, 75 µM) |
|
Caspase-3, PARP, p62 | CDK2, CDK4, cyclin D1, Bcl-2, LC3-1, LC3-II, AGT5, Beclin-1 | MCF-7/TAM | Cheng et al. (2019) |
| Ellagic acid (1–10 μM) |
|
CDK6 | MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 | Yousuf et al. (2020) | |
| Flavonoid calycopterin (150 μM) |
|
Bax, caspase-3, caspase-8 | Bcl-2 | MDA-MB-231 | Moradi et al. (2020) |
| Quercetin (40, 80, 160 μmol/L) |
|
GAS5, Bax, caspase-3 | Notch1, Jagged1, Hes1, Bcl-2 | MCF-7 | Jiang et al. (2021) |
| Rhamnetin (15,FPHAR_fphar-2021-801662_gs_fx121 20, 25 µM) |
|
Activated caspase-3, activated caspase-9, (miR-)34a, p53 | Notch1 | MCF-7 | Lan et al. (2019) |
| Shikonin (0.625, 1.25, 2.5 µM) |
|
cIAP1, cIAP2, RIP1 | MDA-MB-231 | Wang et al. (2021) | |
| Cordycepin (40, 80, 120 µM) |
|
PUMA, CytoC, Fas, DR4/5, cleaved caspase-3 | Bcl-2, XIAP, PDGFR-α | MDA-MB-231 MDA-MB-468 MCF-7 | Liu et al. (2020) |