Table 1.
Baseline demographics, clinical characteristics, and comorbidities in the diabetic and non-diabetic cohort.
| Variables, Units | Low Risk (0–1) |
Medium (2–3) |
High Risk (>4) |
ANOVA p Value |
p Value for Post Hoc Analysis in Significant ANOVA L–M a L–H b M–H c |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | Diabetes N = 209 |
Non-Diabetes N = 1183 |
Diabetes N = 146 |
Non-Diabetes N = 337 |
Diabetes N = 118 |
Non-Diabetes N = 146 |
Diabetes | Non-Diabetes | Diabetes | Non- Diabetes |
|
Age, years mean ± SD min–max N= |
61.7 ± 11.7 17–74 209 |
49.4 ± 15.8 17–74 1183 |
75.3 ± 9.7 41–97 146 |
76.0 ± 12.5 29–100 337 |
76.9 ± 10.3 38–93 118 |
80.4 ± 8.2 50–100 146 |
<0.0001 | <0.0001 |
<0.0001 a <0.0001 b 0.409 c |
<0.0001
a
<0.0001 b 0.000016 c |
|
Age ≥ 65 years n, n (%) |
106, (50.7) | 268, (22.7) | 130, (89.0) | 284, (84.3) | 103, (87.3) | 141, (96.6) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
<0.0001 a <0.0001 b 1.0 c |
<0.0001
a
<0.0001 b 0.00074 c |
|
Male sex n, n (%) |
129, (61.7) | 597, (50.5) | 69, (47.3) | 134, (39.8) | 62, (52.5) | 71, (48.6) | 0.022 | 0.0024 |
0.0287a 0.4003 b 1.0 c |
0.002 a 1 b 0.2615 c |
|
BMI. kg/m2 mean ± SD min–max N= |
29.6 ± 5.7 17.1–42.4 65 |
27.8 ± 4.7 15.4–49.4 321 |
29.7 ± 3.8 23.0–36.7 27 |
28.9 ± 6.3 18.6–47.8 60 |
29.8 ± 6.3 19.6 -48.2 33 |
25.6 ± 4.6 16.4–34.9 32 |
0.9886 | 0.016 | N/A | 0.445 a 0.034 b 0.015 c |
|
Normal body weight (BMI = 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) n, n (%) N= |
14, (21.5) 65 |
85, (26.5) 321 |
5, (18.5) 27 |
14, (23.3) 60 |
8, (24.2) 33 |
14, (43.8) 32 |
0.9961 | 0.0332 | N/A | 1 a 0.0304 b 0.0496 c |
|
Underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) n, n (%) N= |
1, (1.5) 65 |
2, (0.6) 321 |
0, (0.0) 27 |
0, (0.0) 60 |
0, (0.0) 33 |
2, (6.3) 32 |
||||
|
Overweight (BMI = 25–29.9 kg/m2) n, n (%) N= |
19, (29.2) 65 |
140, (43.6) 321 |
9, (33.3) 27 |
24, (40.0) 60 |
10, (30.3) 33 |
11, (34.4) 32 |
||||
|
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) n, n (%) N= |
31, (47.7) 65 |
94, (29.3) 321 |
13, (48.1) 27 |
22, (36.7) 60 |
15, (45.5) 33 |
5, (15.6) 32 |
||||
|
Cigarette smoking, never/previous/current n, n (%) N= |
194, (92.8%)/6, (2.9%)/9, (4.3) 209 |
1122, (94.8%)/39, (3.3%)/22, (1.9%) 1183 |
131, (90.3%)/8, (5.5%), /6, (4.1%) 145 |
294, (87.8%)/24, (7.2%)/17, (5.1%) 335 |
98, (83.1%) /16, (13.6%) /4, (3.4%) 118 |
116, (80.0%)/17, (11.7%) /12, (8.3%) 145 |
0. 0081 | <0.0001 | 1.0 a 0.0041 b 0.2695 c |
0.0002a <0.0001 b 0.258 c |
|
Hypertension, n, n (%) |
145, (69.4) | 264, (22.3) | 129, (88.4) | 219, (65.0) | 108, (91.5) | 131, (89.7) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.00015 a <0.0001 b 1.0 c |
<0.0001
a
<0.0001 b <0.0001 c |
|
Dyslipidemia, n, n (%) N= |
57, (62.6) 91 |
146, (54.7) 267 |
25, (48.1) 52 |
43, (39.1) 110 |
24, (43.6) 55 |
20, (34.5) 58 |
0.0545 | 0.0019 | N/A |
0.025 a 0.0025b 1.0 c |
|
Atrial fibrillation/flutter, n, n (%) |
16, (7.7) | 31, (2.6) | 35, (24) | 68, (20.2) | 54, (45.8) | 77, (52.7) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
<0.0001
a
<0.0001 b 0.00098 c |
<0.0001
a
<0.0001 b <0.0001 c |
|
Previous coronary revascularization, n, n (%) |
2, (1.0) | 4, (0.3) | 14, (9.6) | 21, (6.2) | 55, (46.6) | 50, (34.2) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
0.00096
a
<0.0001 b <0.0001 c |
<0.0001 a < 0.0001b < 0.0001c |
|
Previous myocardial infarction n, n (%) |
2, (1.0) | 9, (0.8) | 28, (19.2) | 32, (9.5) | 55, (46.6) | 57, (39.0) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
<0.0001
a
<0.0001 b <0.0001 c |
<0.0001
a
<0.0001 b <0.0001 c |
|
Heart failure, n, n (%) |
0, (0) | 0, (0) | 20, (13.7) | 32, (9.5) | 94, (79.7) | 100, (68.5) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
<0.0001
a
<0.0001 b <0.0001 c |
<0.0001
a
<0.0001 b <0.0001 c |
|
Moderate/severe valvular heart disease or previous valve heart surgery, n, n (%) |
4, (1.9) | 9, (0.8) | 12, (8.2) | 18, (5.3) | 24, (20.3) | 25, (17.1) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
0.0316
a
<0.0001 b 0.0226 c |
<0.0001
a
<0.0001 b 0.00025 c |
|
Peripheral artery disease, n, n (%) |
13, (6.2) | 12, (1.0) | 12, (8.2) | 17, (5.0) | 25, (21.2) | 15, (10.3) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 1 a 0.00032 b 0.01357 c |
<0.0001 a <0.0001 b 0.1354 c |
|
Previous stroke/TIA, n, n (%) |
12, (5.7) | 31, (2.6) | 26, (17.8) | 33, (9.8) | 25, (21.2) | 31, (21.2) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
0.00172 a 0.00015 b 1 c |
<0.0001
a
<0.0001 b 0.0034 c |
|
Chronic kidney disease n, n (%) |
24, (11.5) | 45, (3.8) | 24, (16.4) | 43, (12.8) | 54, (45.8) | 34, (23.3) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.7072 a <0.0001 b <0.0001 c |
<0.0001 a <0.0001 b 0.017 c |
|
Hemodialysis n, n (%) |
6, (2.9) | 13, (1.1) | 8, (5.5) | 11, (3.3) | 13, (11.09) | 5, (3.4) | 0.0095 | 0.0065 | 1 a 0.0164 b 0.463 c |
0.0314 a 0.1176 b 1 c |
|
Asthma, n, n (%) |
9, (4.3) | 43, (3.6) | 9, (6.2) | 13, (3.9) | 16, (13.6) | 3, (2.1) | 0.8053 | 0.584676 | N/A | N/A |
|
COPD n, n (%) |
1, (0.5) | 5, (0.4) | 9, (6.2) | 15, (4.5) | 16, (13.6) | 25, (17.1) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
0.0127 a <0.0001 b 0.2023 c |
<0.0001
a
<0.0001 b <0.0001 c |
|
Hypothyroidism n, n (%) |
10, (4.8) | 62, (5.2) | 17, (11.6) | 49, (14.5) | 33, (28.0) | 28, (19.2) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0844 a <0.0001 b 0.004 c |
<0.0001 a <0.0001 b 0.7586 c |
|
Hyperthyroidism n, n (%) |
0, (0) | 4, (0.3) | 1, (0.7) | 9, (2.7) | 0, (0) | 6, (4.1) | 0.5581 | <0.0001 | N/A |
0.0011 a 0.0007 b 1.0 c |
Continuous variables are presented as: mean ± SD; range (minimum–maximum); and number of non-missing values. Categorized variables are presented as: a number with a percentage. Information about the numbers with valid values is provided in the left column. Abbreviations: N—valid measurements; n—number of patients with a parameter above the cut-off point; SD—standard deviation; BMI—body mass index; TIA—transient ischemic attack; COPD—chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; N/A—non-applicable; a—low- vs. medium-risk stratum; b—low- vs. high-risk stratum; c—medium- vs. high-risk stratum; red color text—statistically significant values. Statistically significant differences are marked in red color.