Table 2.
Patient-reported symptoms, vital signs, and abnormalities measured during physical examination at hospital admission in the diabetic and non-diabetic cohorts.
| Variables, Units | Low Risk (0–1) |
Medium (2–3) |
High Risk (>4) |
ANOVA p Value |
p Value for Post Hoc Analysis in Significant ANOVA L–M a L–H b M–H c |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient-Reported Symptoms | Diabetes N = 209 |
Non- Diabetes N = 1183 |
Diabetes N= 146 |
Non- Diabetes N = 337 |
Diabetes N = 118 |
Non- Diabetes N = 146 |
Diabetes | Non- Diabetes |
Diabetes | Non- Diabetes |
|
Cough, n, n (%) |
52, (24.9) | 392, (33.1) | 34, (23.3) | 89, (26.4) | 25, (21.2) | 38, (26) | 0.749 | 0.0236 | N/A | N/A |
|
Dyspnea, n, n (%) |
84, (40.2) | 475, (40.2) | 62, (42.5) | 140, (41.5) | 62, (52.5) | 79, (54.1) | 0.088 | 0.00546 | N/A | 1 a 0.0051 b 0.0431 c |
|
Chest pain n, n (%) |
11, (5.3) | 88, (7.4) | 8, (5.5) | 25, (7.4) | 17, (14.4) | 8, (5.5) | 0.006 | 0.68528 | N/A | N/A |
|
Hemoptysis n, n (%) |
3, (1.4) | 6, (0.5) | 0, (0) | 2, (0.6) | 2, (1.69) | 2, (1.4) | 0.271 | 0.3467 | N/A | N/A |
|
Smell dysfunction n, n (%) |
2, (1) | 57, (4.8) | 2, (1.4) | 8, (2.4) | 3, (2.5) | 2, (1.4) | 0.552 | 0.03057 | N/A | 0.2137 a 0.2698 b 1 c |
|
Taste dysfunction n, n (%) |
3, (1.4) | 45, (3.8) | 3, (2.1) | 7, (2.1) | 4, (3.4) | 3, (2.1) | 0.467 | 0.2337 | N/A | N/A |
|
Abdominal pain n, n (%) |
21, (10.1) | 83, (7.0) | 7, (4.8) | 19, (5.6) | 5, (4.2) | 12, (8.2) | 0.065 | 0.53339 | N/A | N/A |
|
Diarrhea n, n (%) |
14, (6.7) | 61, (5.2) | 9, (6.2) | 24, (7.1) | 4, (3.4) | 15, (10.3) | 0.446 | 0.03065 | N/A | N/A |
|
Nausea/vomiting n, n (%) |
8, (3.8) | 48, (4.1) | 11, (7.5) | 16, (4.7) | 5, (4.2) | 9, (6.2) | 0.262 | 0.4694 | N/A | N/A |
|
Body temperature, °C mean ± SD min–max N= |
36.9 ± 0.82 34.4–39.5 110 |
37.1 ± 0.89 35.0–40.5 678 |
37 ± 1 35–40 75 |
36.9 ± 0.87 35.5–40.0 154 |
36.8 ± 0.7 35.2–39.3 63 |
37.0 ± 0.97 35.9–40.0 71 |
0.471 | 0.07369 | N/A | N/A |
|
Heart rate, beats/minute mean ± SD min–max N= |
87.1 ± 17.2 48–150 160 |
86.3 ± 15.41 48–160 863 |
85.5 ± 16.2 50–150 122 |
83.5 ± 16.7 50–160 257 |
84.6 ± 17.5 47–140 109 |
84.7 ± 18.97 36–150 121 |
0.49 | 0.0486 | N/A |
0.045a 0.626 b 0.84 c |
|
Respiratory rate, breaths/minute mean ± SD min–max N= |
21.1 ± 9.1 12–50 35 |
17.8 ± 4.65 12–40 167 |
18 ± 4 12–28 20 |
18.9 ± 6.05 12–45 44 |
19.9 ± 7.8 12–50 24 |
18.9 ± 3.66 12–25 19 |
0.196 | 0.3055 | N/A | N/A |
|
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg mean ± SD min–max N= |
132.9 ± 21.6 60–204 160 |
130.2 ± 21.22 60–240 855 |
134.3 ± 38.8 50–270 121 |
134.1 ± 23.39 60–210 256 |
137.5 ± 23.4 86–210 111 |
132.6 ± 26.11 70–205 123 |
0.253 | 0.05307 | N/A | N/A |
|
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg mean ± SD min–max N= |
78.8 ± 13.6 40–125 159 |
78.5 ± 12.5 40–150 853 |
79.2 ± 14.3 50–150 117 |
77.6 ± 13.1 45–157 255 |
76 ± 14.8 44–143 111 |
76.0 ± 15.66 40–120 123 |
0.190 | 0.19414 | N/A | N/A |
|
Pulse pressure mean ± SD min–max N= |
54.6 ± 16 15–110 159 |
51.9 ± 15.28 11–136 853 |
57.5 ± 18.6 20–120 117 |
56.9 ± 18.16 20–120 254 |
61.6 ± 18 30–130 111 |
56.6 ± 19.47 20–120 123 |
0.0049 | <0.0001 | 0.36 a 0.003 b 0.212 c |
0.0002 a 0.03b 0.987 c |
|
SpO2 on room air, % (FiO2 = 21%) mean ± SD min–max N= |
91.8 ± 6.8 56–100 106 |
92.9 ± 7.2 48–100 690 |
88.8 ± 10.2 50–100 89 |
90.0 ± 9.45 50–99 187 |
91.5 ± 7.8 60–99 66 |
88.8 ± 9.13 50–99 92 |
0.059 | <0.0001 | N/A |
0.0005a 0.0003b 0.559 c |
|
SpO2 < 90%, n, n (%) |
29, (27.4) | 153, (22.2) | 37, (41.6) | 63, (33.7) | 19, (28.8) | 36, (39.1) | 0.081 | <0.0001 | N/A |
0.00496a 0.0018b 1 c |
|
GCS, points mean ± SD min–max N= |
14.7 ± 1.3 6–15 77 |
14.6 ± 1.88 3–15 484 |
14.2 ± 2 3–15 56 |
14.6 ± 1.52 3–15 130 |
14.2 ± 2.6 3–15 48 |
14.0 ± 2.38 3–15 66 |
0.202 | 0.15588 | N/A | N/A |
|
Cracles n, n (%) |
33, (15.8) | 119, (10.1) | 38, (26) | 61, (18.1) | 33, (28) | 32, (21.9) | 0.014 | <0.0001 | N/A |
0.00025 a 0.0001 b 1 c |
|
Wheezing n, n (%) |
15, (7.2) | 79, (6.7) | 20, (13.7) | 35, (10.4) | 32, (27.1) | 35, (24.0) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.1941 a <0.0001 b 0.0305 c |
0.0917 a <0.0001 b 0.00052 c |
|
Pulmonary congestion n, n (%) |
37, (17.7) | 145, (12.3) | 39, (26.7) | 62, (18.4) | 39, (33.1) | 36, (24.7) | 0.006 | <0.0001 | N/A |
0.0149 a 0.0002 b 0.443 c |
|
Peripheral edema n, n (%) |
14, (6.7) | 61, (5.2) | 24, (16.4) | 35, (10.4) | 29, (24.6) | 23, (15.8) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
0.0181 a <0.0001 b 0.4113 c |
0.0024 a <0.0001 b 0.3899 c |
|
Hemiplegia/hemiparesis n, n (%) |
6, (2.9) | 23, (1.9) | 10, (6.9) | 13, (3.9) | 6, (5.1) | 12, (8.2) | 0.209 | 0.0002 | N/A | 0.1931 a 0.0005 b 0.2122 c |
|
VES-13, points mean ± SD min–max N= |
5 ± 3.4 1–9 8 |
3.8 ± 2.63 1–9 20 |
6.28 ± 3.6 1–12 18 |
5.1 ± 3.03 1–10 19 |
6.2 ± 2.66 3–10 10 |
6.5 ± 3.2 3–13 14 |
0.671 | 0.045 | N/A | 0.363 a 0.038 b 0.394 c |
Continuous variables are presented as: mean ± SD; range (minimum–maximum); and the number of non-missing values. Categorized variables are presented as: a number with a percentage. Information about the numbers with valid values is provided in the left column. Abbreviations: N—valid measurements; n—number of patients with a parameter above the cut-off point; SD—standard deviation; GCS—Glasgow Coma Scale; VES—Vulnerable Elders Survey; N/A—non-applicable; a—low- vs. medium-risk stratum; b—low- vs. high-risk stratum; c—medium- vs. high-risk stratum; red color text—statistically significant values. Statistically significant differences are marked in red color.