Figure 4.
Forest plots showing association of lymphopenia with risks of adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Independent effects of lymphopenia (ALC < 1.1 × 109/L) on the risks of ICU admission (A), invasive mechanical ventilation (B), dialysis due to AKI (C), and in-hospital mortality (D) during hospitalization were analyzed using logistic regression models and compared to individuals with ALC ≥ 1.1 × 109/L. Results were reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for age-, sex-, and multi-variables including age, sex, race, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, smoking, COPD, CKD, CHD, and malignancy. ICU, intensive care unit; AKI, acute kidney injury.