Figure 5.

Dose–response association of absolute lymphocyte count and risk of the outcomes of interest in patients with COVID-19. Restricted cubic splines were generated using logistic regression models, and the lymphocyte value of 1.1 × 10⁹/L was set as reference (denoted by red vertical lines) for the continuous model adjusted to age, gender, race, and history of hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, malignancy, obesity, and smoking. Solid red curves are ORs for the outcomes of interest (A–D), and dashed black lines indicate 95% confidence intervals based on fitting of cubic splines to risk estimates obtained using logistic regression.